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. 2022 May 14;27(1):101–131. doi: 10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Microenvironment changes accompanying ductal carcinoma in situ progression. Changes to the microenvironment as normal tissue becomes progressively more neoplastic, along the ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma continuum. Development of fully confined “pure ductal carcinoma in situ” lesions are accompanied by measurable changes to the microenvironment, including myoepithelial and stromal alterations and increased immune infiltrate. These changes are progressively more distorted in “mixed ductal carcinoma in situ” lesions adjacent to invasive ductal carcinoma. Finally, development of invasive ductal carcinoma is accompanied by total loss of the myoepithelium, further stromal alterations and an immunosuppressive immune phenotype. Drawing created with BioRender.com.