Table 4.
Association of ancillary metabolic biomarkers with GDF-15 in 853 older adults free of diabetes and cardiovascular diseasea
| Mean percentage difference in GDF-15 [95% confidence interval] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Crude | Model 1b | Model 2c | |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Categories | ||||
| Normal | 478 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| High d | 375 | 4.85 [−0.50,10.5] | 3.53 [−1.50,8.82] | 3.13 [−1.91,8.43] |
| p for trend | 853 | 0.076 | 0.172 | 0.227 |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
| Categories | ||||
| <5.7 | 512 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| 5.7 to 6.4 | 341 | 2.34 [−2.96,7.93] | 0.57 [−4.41,5.80] | −0.05 [−4.94,5.09] |
| p for trend | 853 | 0.393 | 0.826 | 0.984 |
| Urine albumin (mg/L) | ||||
| Categories | ||||
| <10 | 649 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| 10 to 20 | 132 | 7.56 [0.086,15.6]* | 4.76 [−2.20,12.2] | 3.42 [−3.40,10.7] |
| ≥20 | 72 | 18.1 [7.56,29.7]*** | 13.6 [3.87,24.2]** | 12.1 [2.57,22.5]* |
| p for trend | 853 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | ||||
| Categories | ||||
| <1 | 391 | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) | 0 (reference) |
| 1 to 3 | 248 | −1.02 [−6.91,5.24] | −0.53 [−6.14,5.42] | −0.71 [−6.24,5.15] |
| >3 | 214 | 11.0 [4.09,18.4]** | 12.6 [5.96,19.7]*** | 10.4 [3.89,17.3]** |
| p for trend | 853 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
*p<0.05. **p<0.01. ***p<0.001. HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin
aParticipants who had a blood glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL, had HbA1c levels ≥6.5 %, were treated with antidiabetic drugs, or had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). We further excluded 1085 participants without data on HOMA-IR, HbA1c, urine albumin, or hs-CRP (Online resource 1: Supplementary Fig. 1)
bModel 1: Linear regression model adjusted for sex, age, and educational level (primary or less, secondary, or university)
cModel 2: As Model 1 and further adjusted for smoking status (never, former, or current), alcohol consumption (never, former, moderate [≤10 g/day in women and ≤20 g/day in men], or heavy), diet quality (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener), energy intake (kcal/day), light physical activity (min/day), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/day), and sedentary behavior (min/day)
dHOMA-IR ≥ 2.25 in men and ≥ 2.38 in women