Fig. 5.

PACAP-38 levels in healthy individuals (control) and the groups of Parkinson’s disease subtypes; tremor dominant (TD) (n = 26), akinetic-rigid (AR) (n = 56), and mixed (MX) (n = 20). In the akinetic-rigid group significantly reduced levels were observed compared to the control group. The boxes show the interquartile ranges, and the whiskers indicate the 25% and 75% percentile; outliers are also plotted with numbered data points labeled with circles. The middle line within the boxes represents the median values. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, * p < 0.05, p = 0.017 vs. control