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. 2022 Jan 8;44(2):925–951. doi: 10.1007/s11357-021-00494-z

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Fig. 3 — Graphs of mortality rate (per 100 K) over time by clusters, 1995–2019. [Metabolic risks = i.e., high fasting plasma glucose; high cholesterol; high blood pressure; high BMI; low bone mineral density; impaired kidney function. Environmental /Occupational risks = i.e., unsafe water; sanitation; handwashing; air pollution; exposure to occupational carcinogens. Behavioural risks = i.e. child & maternal malnutrition; tobacco use; alcohol use; drug use; dietary risks; intimate partner violence; childhood maltreatment; unsafe sex; low physical activity. CMNND = communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases. NCD = non-communicable disease]

Fig. 3 — Graphs of mortality rate (per 100 K) over time by clusters, 1995–2019. [Metabolic risks = i.e., high fasting plasma glucose; high cholesterol; high blood pressure; high BMI; low bone mineral density; impaired kidney function. Environmental /Occupational risks = i.e., unsafe water; sanitation; handwashing; air pollution; exposure to occupational carcinogens. Behavioural risks = i.e. child & maternal malnutrition; tobacco use; alcohol use; drug use; dietary risks; intimate partner violence; childhood maltreatment; unsafe sex; low physical activity. CMNND = communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases. NCD = non-communicable disease]