Table 3.
Correlations between sociodemographic factors, health spending, and YLD rates (per 100 K) of risk-cause pairs in adults 70 + years old, in the pooled sample
| Met, CMNND |
Met, NCD |
Met, Inj |
Env/Occ, CMNND |
Env/Occ, NCD |
Env/Occ, Inj |
Beh, CMNND |
Beh, NCD |
Beh, Inj |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic index (SDI) | -0·581** | -0·061* | 0·503** | -0·815** | -0·866** | -0·197** | -0·718** | -0·110** | 0·168** |
| HAQI frontier | -0·590** | -0·018 | 0·526** | -0·799** | -0·893** | -0·162** | -0·707** | -0·122** | 0·157** |
| GDP per capita in PPP | -0·495** | -0·127** | 0·593** | -0·856** | -0·781** | -0·055 | -0·703** | -0·085** | 0·243** |
| Mean years of education, age 25–29 | -0·549** | 0·028 | 0·364** | -0·648** | -0·808** | -0·271** | -0·640** | -0·087** | 0·140** |
| Fertility per 1000, age 10–24 | 0·362** | 0·150** | -0·500** | 0·808** | 0·629** | 0·185** | 0·622** | 0·040 | -0·187** |
| Total health spending per capita in PPP | -0·522** | -0·082** | 0·529** | -0·783** | -0·874** | -0·190** | -0·691** | -0·111** | 0·201** |
| Total health spending per GDP | -0·097** | -0·167** | 0·092** | -0·040 | -0·113** | -0·200** | -0·112** | 0·0028 | 0·230** |
| Government spending per THS | -0·437** | 0·206** | 0·077** | -0·117** | -0·424** | -0·093** | -0·276** | 0·051 | -0·067* |
| Prepaid private spending per THS | -0·183** | -0·231** | 0·244** | -0·440** | -0·288** | -0·053 | -0·286** | -0·159** | 0·165** |
| Out-of-pocket spending per THS | 0·271** | -0·313** | 0·144** | -0·270** | 0·071* | 0·054 | 0·035 | -0·070* | 0·185** |
*p < 0·05, **p < 0·01. YLD: years lived with disability. HAQI frontier: healthcare access and quality index computed based on relationship between HAQI and SDI. GDP: gross domestic product. PPP: purchasing power parity. THS: total health spending. Met: metabolic risks (i.e. high fasting plasma glucose; high cholesterol; high blood pressure; high BMI; low bone mineral density; impaired kidney function). Env/Occ: environmental/occupational risks (i.e., unsafe water; sanitation; handwashing; air pollution; exposure to occupational carcinogens). Beh: behavioral risks (i.e., child & maternal malnutrition; tobacco use; alcohol use; drug use; dietary risks; intimate partner violence; childhood maltreatment; unsafe sex; low physical activity). CMNND: communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases. NCD: non-communicable disease. Inj: injuries