TABLE 1.
Higher than optimum incubation temperature: Effects on the embryo’s physiology and post-hatch growth.
| References | Strain | Embryonic age (days) and temperature | Differences in compared to control (37.5–37.8°C) incubation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incubation duration | Hatchability | Yolk sac/yolk-free chick W a /chick W/chick length | Morphological and physiological effects | Post-hatch growth performance | |||
| Lourens et al. (2005) | ND b | D15-21/39.9°C (EST) c | ND | ↓ | = /↓/ND/↑ | ND | ND |
| Joseph et al. (2006) | Ross 308 | D 18–21/39.5°C (EST) | ND | ↑ | =/↓/↓/ = | ND | = BW e at 21 and 42 days = FCR f , CW g , BrstW h |
| Oznurlu et al. (2010) | Ross 308 | D 11–21/38.8°C (IT) d | ND | ND | ND/ND/ND/ND | ↓ Thymus and bursa fabricius W | ND |
| Werner et al. (2010) | Cobb 500 | D 7–10/38.5°C (IT) | ND | = | ND/ND/ = /ND | ND | = BW, FCR at 36 d |
| Willemsen et al. (2010) | Cobb 500 | D 16–18.5/40.6°C (IT) | = | ↑ | = /ND/↓/ND | ↓ Blood T3 &T4, triglycerides | ND |
| Janisch et al. (2015) | Cobb 500 | D 7–10 or 10–13/38.8°C (IT) | ND | ND | ND/ND/ND/ND | ND | = BrstW, LegW |
| Maatjens, et al. (2016) | Ross 308 | ED15-21/38.9°C (EST | ↓ | = | ↑/↓/ND/ND | = Liver and spleen W ↓ Stomach and intestine W | ND |
| Almeida et al. (2016) | Cobb 500 | D13-21/39°C (IT) | = | ↑ | ↑/=/ND/ND | = Blood cholesterol | ND |
| = Adipocytes size | |||||||
| Lin et al. (2017) | Ross 708 | D0-5/38.1°C (IT) | ↓/ = /↓/ | ND | = BW at 49 days | ||
| Molenaar et al. (2010) | Hybro | D7-19/38.9°C (EST) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓/ = /ND/↓ | ND | ND |
| Morita et al. (2016) | Cobb 500 | D 13–21/39°C (IT) | = | ND | = / = / = /ND | ↑ Blood vessel number | ND |
| Wijnen et al. (2020a) | Ross 308 | D7-14/38.9°C (EST) | ↓ | ND | =/=/=/↑ | ↓Blood glucose | = BW, FCR, CW at 40 days |
| Avşar et al. (2022) | Ross 308 | D 0–3/38.6°C (EST) | ↓ | = | =/=/= /ND | ND | = BW, FCR at d7 |
| D 3–6/38.6°C (EST) | ↓ | ↓ | =/=/= /ND | ND | = BW, FCR at d7 | ||
| D 0–6/38.6°C (EST) | ↓ | ↓ | =/=/=/ND | ND | ↓BW = FCR at 7 d | ||
a
W: weight.
b
ND: not determined.
c
EST: eggshell temperature.
d
IT: incubation temperature.
e
BW: body weight.
f
FCR: feed conversion ratio.
g
CW: carcass weight.
h
BrstW: breast weight.
i
DL: drip loss.