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. 2022 May 13;10:808859. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.808859

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Copyright © 2022 Jin, Cao, Chen, Xiong and Cao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The multiple components in the tumor microenvironment (TME): TME is a functional and structural niche composed of tumor cells, the surrounding tumor stromal cells (cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, macrophages et al.). Being the primary metabilite in the tumor milieu, lactate involves in the interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells to reprogramme TME, further regulating the tumor evolution.