Table 1.
Protection and regeneration of the endothelial glycocalyx.
| Molecule | Pathology | Mechanism | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protection of the endothelial glycocalyx | Angiopoietin-1 | Microvascular inflammation | Translocation of intracellular vesicles containing glycocalyx components to the cell surface | (184) |
| Doxycycline | MMP inhibition (hypothesis) | (185) | ||
| Sphingosine-1 phosphate | Syndecan-1 shedding inhibition | (186) | ||
| Berberine | Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | ROS and MMP inhibition | (187) | |
| ATIII | IRI | MMP inhibition (hypothesis) | (188) | |
| Hydrocortisone | Prevention of mast cell degranulation and MMP release | (189) | ||
| SOD | Inhibit ROS mediated glycocalyx degradation | (133) | ||
| Sevoflurane | Oxidative stress | Increased glycocalyx synthesis | (190) | |
| Sulodexide | Diabetes | Heparanase-1 inhibition | (191) | |
| Regeneration of the endothelial glycocalyx | Sphingosine-1 phosphate | Enzymatic removal of the glycocalyx | Not known | (60) |
| Empaglifozin | Not known | (192) | ||
| Adjunct drugs: adenosine-lidocaine-magnesium (ALM), beta-hydroxybutyrate plus melatonin (BHB/M), and poloxamer 188 (P-188) | Hemorrhagic shock | Counteraction of ROS toxicity | (193) | |
| Restoration with plasma | Release of pre-formed intracellular syndecan-1 | (194) | ||
| Hydroxyethyl starch resuscitation | Downregulation of heparinase, hyaluronidase and neuraminidase | (195) | ||
| Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) | Myocarditis | Not known | (196) | |
| Dextran sulfate | Cardiac xenotransplantation | “Repair coat,” local replacement of shed HS | (143, 197, 198) | |
| Sulfated tyrosine | Xenotransplantation model | (199) | ||
| MMP inhibitor | Diabetes | MMP inhibition | (200) |
Overview of the different approaches to protect (upper part) or restore (lower part) the endothelial glycocalyx including proposed mechanism of action.