Table 2. Inverse Probability of Treatment–Weighted 30-Day All-Cause Health Care Utilization and Total Per-Patient Expenditure Estimates of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescriptions Among Children by Setting.
| Expenditure category | Health care utilization, No. (%) | Total per-patient expenditure estimates, mean (SD), $ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appropriate antibiotic | Inappropriate antibiotic | Appropriate antibiotic | Inappropriate antibiotic | |
| Bacterial infections (primary analysis) | ||||
| Suppurative OM | ||||
| Total | 402 815 (100.0) | 181 486 (100.0) | 426 (1985) | 498 (2362) |
| Inpatient medical | 954 (0.2) | 449 (0.2) | 42 (1639) | 44 (1869) |
| Emergency department | 10 743 (2.7) | 49,12 (2.7) | 34 (354) | 36 (351) |
| Outpatient medical | 401 128 (99.6) | 180 777 (99.6) | 300 (815) | 315 (988) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 402 810 (100.0) | 181 486 (100.0) | 50 (501) | 103 (678) |
| Pharyngitis | ||||
| Total | 398 702 (100.0) | 203 231 (100.0) | 392 (2164) | 471 (2439) |
| Inpatient medical | 913 (0.2) | 477 (0.2) | 44 (1837) | 50 (2085) |
| Emergency department | 9093 (2.3) | 4926 (2.4) | 32 (397) | 41 (388) |
| Outpatient medical | 397 324 (99.7) | 202 460 (99.6) | 265 (793) | 290 (795) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 398 697 (100.0) | 203 230 (100.0) | 51 (539) | 90 (639) |
| Sinusitis | ||||
| Total | 238 337 (100.0) | 133 133 (100.0) | 476 (2409) | 507 (2684) |
| Inpatient medical | 584 (0.2) | 335 (0.3) | 53 (1975) | 49 (2013) |
| Emergency department | 5217 (2.2) | 2956 (2.2) | 38 (392) | 39 (429) |
| Outpatient medical | 237 976 (99.8) | 132 917 (99.8) | 307 (997) | 311 (1372) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 238 330 (100.0) | 133 131 (100.0) | 78 (669) | 109 (704) |
| Viral infections (secondary analysis) | ||||
| Influenza | ||||
| Total | 162 779 (100.0) | 6366 (100.0) | 549 (2254) | 644 (1935) |
| Inpatient medical | 382 (0.2) | 11 (0.2) | 43 (1989) | 43 (1537) |
| Emergency department | 8237 (5.1) | 324 (5.1) | 78 (492) | 47 (411) |
| Outpatient medical | 159 233 (97.8) | 6201 (97.4) | 270 (639) | 341 (715) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 115 157 (70.7) | 6366 (100.0) | 158 (527) | 213 (556) |
| Viral URI | ||||
| Total | 630 381 (100.0) | 87 985 (100.0) | 480 (2605) | 531 (4251) |
| Inpatient medical | 1546 (0.2) | 267 (0.3) | 53 (2239) | 74 (3976) |
| Emergency department | 22 367 (3.5) | 2947 (3.3) | 56 (463) | 42 (437) |
| Outpatient medical | 624 443 (99.1) | 87 103 (99.0) | 310 (946) | 322 (1039) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 252 277 (40.0) | 87 981 (100.0) | 61 (589) | 93 (817) |
| Bronchiolitis | ||||
| Total | 19 222 (100.0) | 1994 (100.0) | 783 (2362) | 704 (1506) |
| Inpatient medical | 214 (1.1) | 13 (0.6) | 147 (1967) | 64 (1039) |
| Emergency department | 1367 (7.1) | 136 (6.8) | 114 (529) | 74 (515) |
| Outpatient medical | 19 006 (98.9) | 1970 (98.8) | 476 (1002) | 481 (817) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 10 119 (52.6) | 1994 (100.0) | 45 (360) | 85 (358) |
| Bronchitis | ||||
| Total | 20 886 (100.0) | 49 378 (100.0) | 651 (2327) | 515 (2406) |
| Inpatient medical | 52 (0.2) | 120 (0.2) | 59 (1786) | 57 (1968) |
| Emergency department | 1022 (4.9) | 2312 (4.7) | 177 (837) | 47 (456) |
| Outpatient medical | 20 491 (98.1) | 48 350 (97.9) | 331 (1007) | 299 (932) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 11 521 (55.2) | 49 375 (100.0) | 83 (374) | 112 (719) |
| Nonsuppurative OM | ||||
| Total | 61 563 (100.0) | 62 160 (100.0) | 643 (2231) | 480 (1989) |
| Inpatient medical | 143 (0.2) | 155 (0.2) | 46 (1449) | 41 (1508) |
| Emergency department | 2106 (3.4) | 2227 (3.6) | 55 (438) | 38 (384) |
| Outpatient medical | 61 036 (99.1) | 61 528 (99.0) | 495 (1436) | 334 (821) |
| Outpatient pharmacy | 20 426 (33.2) | 62 158 (100.0) | 47 (506) | 66 (634) |
Abbreviations: OM, otitis media; URI, upper respiratory infection.