Table 2.
Temporal trends in the age-adjusted prevalence1 of prescription opioid and illicit drug use by characteristics among US adult workers 2005–2016
| Rx Opioid Use |
Chronic Rx Opioid Use2 |
Illicit Drug Use3 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | Overall Prev. (95%CI) | Slope4 (SE) | p for trend4 | n | Prev. (95%CI)2 | Slope4 (SE) | p for trend4 | n | Prev. (95%CI) | Slope4 (SE) | p for trend4 | |
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| US adult workers | 19,858 | 706 | 4.1 (3.7, 4.5) | −0.27 (0.12) | 0.0892 | 374 | 54.4 (50.5, 58.2) | 4.12 (0.61) | 0.0025 | 1,949 | 10.2 (9.4, 11.1) | 0.53 (0.13) | 0.0165 |
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| Age | |||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 5,096 | 149 | 3.5 (2.9 4.2) | −0.68 (0.05) | 0.0001 | 37 | 27.1 (18.8, 37.3) | 5.27 (4.03)# | 0.2611# | 909 | 19.0 (17.3, 20.9) | 1.94 (0.47) | 0.0145 |
| 30–44 | 6,501 | 224 | 3.7 (3.1, 4.4) | −0.26 (0.13) | 0.1235 | 115 | 52.8 (45.5, 59.9) | 6.98 (1.09) | 0.0031 | 671 | 10.8 (9.6, 12.1) | 0.21 (0.36) | 0.5978 |
| 45–59 | 5,592 | 217 | 4.7 (3.9,5.6) | −0.06 (0.26) | 0.8224 | 142 | 70.1 (62.1, 77.0) | 1.24 (1.99) | 0.5654 | 368 | 7.1 (6.0, 8.3) | 0.30 (0.29) | 0.3662 |
| 60+ | 2,669 | 116 | 4.5 (3.6, 5.7) | −0.27 (0.42)# | 0.5613# | 80 | 67.6 (54.4, 78.4) | 9.39 (1.86)# | 0.0072# | 1 | - | - | - |
| Gender | |||||||||||||
| Male | 10,593 | 328 | 3.6 (3.1, 4.2) | −0.43 (0.23) | 0.1368 | 178 | 53.1 (46.1, 60.0) | 3.78 (2.14) | 0.1521 | 1,300 | 12.8 (11.7, 13.9) | 0.44 (0.23) | 0.1266 |
| Female | 9,265 | 378 | 4.6 (4.0, 5.2) | −0.11 (0.07) | 0.1735 | 196 | 55.4 (50.2, 60.6) | 5.09 (1.22) | 0.0142 | 649 | 7.3 (6.5, 8.2) | 0.59 (0.13) | 0.0096 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
| White (NH) | 7,919 | 398 | 4.7 (4.2, 5.3) | −0.37 (0.16) | 0.0760 | 222 | 55.4 (50.2, 60.5) | 4.66 (0.68) | 0.0023 | 907 | 11.1 (10.0, 12.2) | 0.40 (0.20) | 0.1128 |
| Black (NH) | 4,195 | 141 | 3.4 (2.9, 4.1) | 0.10 (0.11) | 0.4421 | 74 | 50.3 (41.6, 59.1) | 0.30 (3.83)# | 0.9409# | 514 | 12.5 (11.4, 13.6) | 0.86 (0.47) | 0.1373 |
| Hispanic | 5,531 | 117 | 2.3 (1.9, 2.8) | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.2639 | 48 | 39.6 (30.0, 50.0) | 4.49 (2.37)# | 0.1307# | 372 | 7.0 (6.1, 8.0) | 0.80 (0.16) | 0.0071 |
| Others (NH) | 2,213 | 50 | 3.2 (2.1, 4.7) | −0.16 (0.56)# | 0.7823# | 30 | 67.0 (54.3, 77.6) | 5.61 (3.69)# | 0.2263# | 156 | 6.9 (5.5, 8.6) | 1.04 (0.33)# | 0.0331# |
| Education level | |||||||||||||
| < High school | 3,745 | 119 | 4.1 (3.1, 5.4) | −0.59 (0.19)# | 0.0342# | 63 | 47.9 (37.7, 58.3) | 6.36 (3.06)# | 0.0348# | 351 | 11.8 (10.4, 13.4) | 0.49 (0.26) | 0.1361 |
| High / GED | 4,115 | 175 | 4.7 (3.8, 5.7) | −0.14 (0.21) | 0.5354 | 102 | 61.4 (52.8, 69.3) | 4.89 (3.30) | 0.2119 | 495 | 12.3 (10.9, 13.8) | 0.57 (0.32) | 0.1481 |
| Some college | 5,804 | 242 | 5.0 (4.3, 5.7) | −0.22 (0.25) | 0.4344 | 130 | 54.7 (47.7, 61.5) | 4.48 (2.52) | 0.1503 | 659 | 11.6 (10.6, 12.7) | 0.40 (0.35) | 0.3183 |
| College degree | 5,180 | 147 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.6) | −0.50 (0.15) | 0.0269 | 77 | 49.9 (41.5, 58.3) | 1.36 (1.99)# | 0.5304# | 303 | 7.0 (5.5, 8.8) | 0.59 (0.21) | 0.0519 |
| Alcohol consumption5 | |||||||||||||
| None | 5,903 | 198 | 3.8 (3.2, 4.6) | −0.17 (0.19) | 0.4082 | 119 | 62.8 (55.8, 69.4) | 2.42 (2.20) | 0.3324 | 252 | 4.6 (3.9, 5.5) | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.9111 |
| Moderate | 6,885 | 239 | 3.9 (3.2, 4.7) | −0.08 (0.19) | 0.7140 | 107 | 45.0 (37.1, 53.1) | 5.29 (2.16) | 0.0707 | 1,071 | 14.2 (12.9, 15.5) | 0.49 (0.54) | 0.4154 |
| Heavy | 1,453 | 49 | 3.8 (2.6, 5.6) | −0.23 (0.27)# | 0.4425# | 31 | 65.0 (49.6, 77.9) | 6.26 (2.61)# | 0.1386# | 412 | 26.6 (23.5, 29.9) | 1.18 (0.29) | 0.0148 |
| Smoking status | |||||||||||||
| Never | 11,386 | 288 | 2.8 (2.4, 3.3) | −0.32 (0.08) | 0.0151 | 143 | 48.9 (42.3, 55.5) | 0.51 (2.48) | 0.8480 | 601 | 5.0 (4.5, 5.6) | 0.32 (0.18) | 0.1533 |
| Former | 3,804 | 178 | 5.4 (4.3, 6.8) | −0.52 (0.20) | 0.0635 | 97 | 53.9 (45.7, 61.9) | 6.17 (2.99) | 0.1083 | 327 | 12.9 (10.8, 15.4) | 0.77 (0.93) | 0.4526 |
| Current | 3,943 | 221 | 6.3 (5.4, 7.3) | −0.05 (0.29) | 0.8729 | 133 | 62.4 (53.3, 70.8) | 6.95 (2.46) | 0.0474 | 951 | 22.6 (20.7, 24.5) | 1.13 (0.30) | 0.0198 |
| Work hours | |||||||||||||
| <40 hours | 6,376 | 244 | 4.2 (3.5, 5.0) | −0.45 (0.18) | 0.0661 | 129 | 54.5 (47.4, 61.5) | 0.71 (2.95) | 0.8225 | 752 | 11.5 (10.6, 12.5) | 0.69 (0.53) | 0.2619 |
| =40 hours | 6,005 | 173 | 3.8 (3.1, 4.6) | 0.45 (0.13)# | 0.1287# | 104 | 61.5 (53.0, 69.2) | 6.29 (1.31)# | 0.0086# | 538 | 10.2 (8.9, 11.7) | 0.40 (0.28) | 0.2302 |
| >40 hours | 6,747 | 225 | 3.7 (3.1, 44) | −0.28 (0.14) | 0.1144 | 118 | 53.6 (45.8, 61.3) | 4.22 (1.82) | 0.0818 | 590 | 9.1 (8.1, 10.2) | 0.53 (0.16) | 0.0293 |
The prevalence estimates (%) were weighted and Prevalence estimates were age adjusted to the 2010 U.S. adult workers standard population by Bureau of Labor Statistics, using five age groups: 18–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65+ years.
Chronic Rx opioid use means taking prescription opioid mediation more than 90 days. When calculating prevalence of chronic Rx opioid use, the denominator is the weighted number of Rx opioid use and the numerator is the weighted number of chronic Rx opioid use.
Illicit drugs are the non-prescription opioid drugs included Marijuana, hashish, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, or intravenous use of drugs (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, steroids, and any other drugs). Participants aged 18–59 years only were asked if they used marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and needle injections drugs (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, steroids, and any other drugs) during the past 30 days. Participants aged 18–69 years were asked if they injected any non-prescription drugs during the past 30 days.
Slope and p-value for trend were from weighted linear regression.
For men, moderate drinking was defined as 1–14 drinks/wk and heavy drinking 15+ drinks/wk. For women, moderate drinking was defined as 1–7 drinks/wk and heavy drinking 7+ drinks/wk.
The slope and p for trend are unreliable since prevalence in a survey cycle year is unreliable because the sample in the denominator in each is less than 30 or the relative standard error of the estimate is larger than 30%.