Table 1:
Frequencies and Means of Predictor Variables and Outcomes by Exposure Group
| PCE group N=224 |
No PCE, matched on tobacco, alcohol and demographics N=224 |
No PCE, tobacco or alcohol, matched on demographics N=224 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group matching characteristics | ||||
| Mean child participant age in months (SD) | 118 (7.3) | 117 (7.4) | 118 (7.3) | 0.975 |
| Child participant Sex | 0.548 | |||
| M | 97 (43%) | 107 (48%) | 97 (43%) | |
| F | 127 (57%) | 117 (52%) | 127 (57%) | |
| Maternal alcohol use after knowledge of pregnancy | 0.139 | |||
| No | 168 (75%) | 181 (81%) | 224 (100%) | |
| Yes | 56 (25%) | 43 (19%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Mean drinks per week among those using alcohol (SD) | 5.3 (10.9) | 6.3 (13.6) | 0 | 0.789* |
| Maternal tobacco use after knowledge of pregnancy | 1.0 | |||
| No | 115 (51%) | 115 (51%) | 224 (100%) | |
| Yes | 109 (49%) | 109 (49%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Mean cigarettes per day among those using tobacco (SD) | 8.7 (6.2) | 7.0 (6.4) | 0 | 0.107* |
| Other demographics | ||||
| Maternal Education | <0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 13 (6%) | 4 (2%) | 1 (<0.5%) | |
| High school diploma or GED | 10 (5%) | 18 (8%) | 10 (4%) | |
| Some College | 45 (20%) | 28 (13%) | 20 (9%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 102 (46%) | 81 (36%) | 70 (31%) | |
| Graduate degree | 34 (15%) | 43 (19%) | 53 (24%) | |
| Not available | 20 (9%) | 50 (22%) | 70 (31%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 85 (38%) | 124 (55%) | 130 (58%) | |
| Black | 81 (36%) | 35 (15%) | 30 (13%) | |
| Hispanic | 27 (12%) | 35 (15%) | 45 (20%) | |
| Asian | 1 (<0.5%) | 3 (1%) | 3 (1%) | |
| Other | 30 (13%) | 27 (12%) | 16 (7%) | |
| Covariates | ||||
| Premature | 0.097 | |||
| No | 184 (82%) | 184 (82%) | 181 (81%) | |
| Yes | 35 (16%) | 39 (17%) | 43 (19%) | |
| Don’t know | 5 (2%) | 1 (<0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Breastfeeding duration Months (SD) | 4.2 (6.6) | 5.6 (8.1) | 8.1(9.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean maternal age in years (SD) | 25 (6.0) | 29 (6.6) | 29 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Parental ASEBA total problem scores raw (SD) | 36 (24) | 25 (19) | 21 (19) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age at first knowledge of pregnancy weeks (SD) | 8 (7) | 7 (7) | 6 (5) | <0.001 |
| Behavioral Outcomes Measured on the CBCL | ||||
| Mean attention score (SD) | 5.4 (4.3) | 3.3 (3.6) | 3.1 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Mean thoughts score (SD) | 3.2 (3.5) | 2.1 (2.5) | 1.7 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Mean social score (SD) | 3.2 (3.1) | 2.2 (2.8) | 1.9 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Mean externalizing score (SD) | 9.6 (9.1) | 5.1 (5.9) | 5.0 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Mean internalizing score (SD) | 7.7 (7.4) | 5.3 (5.6) | 4.8 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Mean total problems score (SD) | 33.3 (25.5) | 20.7 (18.5) | 18.9 (20.2) | <0.001 |
| Teacher report forms Measured on the BPM-T | ||||
| Mean attention score (SD) | 4.6 (3.8) | 2.6 (3.0) | 2.3 (3.1) | 0.001 |
| Mean externalizing score (SD) | 2.9 (3.6) | 1.6 (2.4) | 1.1 (2.4) | 0.001 |
| Mean internalizing score (SD) | 2.5 (2.7) | 1.7 (2.4) | 1.7 (2.2) | 0.056 |
| Neurocognitive outcomes | ||||
| Mean flanker task score (SD) | 19.7 (1.1) | 19.8 (0.7) | 19.8 (1.0) | 0.543 |
| Mean card sort task score (SD) | 27.4 (2.9) | 27.7 (2.4) | 27.8 (2.4) | 0.234 |
| Mean pattern task score (SD) | 36.0 (7.5) | 37.7 (7.1) | 37.8 (7.1) | 0.014 |
| Mean picture task score (SD) | 10.9 (5.5) | 12.5 (5.6) | 12.8 (6.2) | 0.001 |
| Mean list task score (SD) | 15.0 (3.2) | 15.3 (3.0) | 16.0 (3.3) | 0.003 |
| fMRI task performance | ||||
| Mean stop signal reaction time (SD) | 286.2 (120.4) | 301.4 (88.1) | 300.0 (79.4) | 0.289 |
| Mean D’ 0 back (SD) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.9) | 0.168 |
| Mean D’ 2 back (SD) | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.276 |
Prematurity is defined as less than 40 weeks gestation. Missing data points are not included in this table. Chi square was used to assess differences in categorical variables, ANOVA was used for continuous variables.
*
Difference measured between groups with prenatal exposures only.