Table 1.

Effect of high-temperature treatment at different days after anthesis (DAA) on grain number (GN), 1,000-grain weight (TGW) and grain yield (GY) in wheat.

Variety	Method of high temperature	Duration	Time	Temperature	GN (%)	TGW (g) (%)	GY (%)	References
Fleisch 481, Soissons, Plainsman, Magma	Move pots in the phytotron heat stress chamber	10–24 DAA	8 h a day	35°C/20°C	37.3 (6.5↓)	30.6 (25.4↓)	1.2g/spike (30.1↓)	Bányai et al., 2014
		20–34 DAA	8 h a day	35°C/20°C	38.2 (4.3↓)	33.8 (17.6↓)	1.4g/spike (18.1)
CK	Grown at controlled temperature in greenhouse				39.9	41.0	1.7g/spike
Yang 16	Free–air temperature enhancement technique in the field	0–34 DAA	0:00–24:00	CK+1.5°C	40.9 (7.3↓)	40.4 (5.6↓)	7258.2 kg·hm−2 (13.0↓)	Bian et al., 2012
		0–34 DAA	7:00–19:00	CK+1.5°C	41.6 (5.7↓)	41.2 (3.9↓)	7600.9 kg·hm−2 (8.9↓)
		0–34 DAA	19:00–7:00	CK+1.5°C	43.4 (1.7↓)	41.5 (3.0↓)	7547.1 kg·hm−2 (9.5↓)
		0–34 DAA	0:00–24:00	CK+3°C	38.9 (11.8↓)	39.2 (8.5↓)	6718.2 kg·hm−2 (19.5↓)
		0–34 DAA	7:00–19:00	CK+3°C	40.4 (8.5↓)	39.85 (6.9↓)	7087.2 kg·hm−2 (15.0↓)
		0–34 DAA	19:00–7:00	CK+3°C	39.0 (11.6↓)	40.9 (4.4↓)	6899.8 kg·hm−2 (17.3↓)
CK	Nature condition in the field				44.1	42.8	8342.2 kg·hm−2
Yang 5	Move the pots to a transparent automatic temperature and moisture controlled box	1–3 DAA	08:00–17:00	30°C		34.7 (15.1↓)		Feng et al., 2000
		5–7 DAA	08:00–17:00	30°C		34.1 (16.5↓)
		12–14 DAA	08:00–17:00	30°C		32.8 (19.7↓)
		20–22 DAA	08:00–17:00	30°C		31.4 (23.1↓)
		28–30 DAA	08:00–17:00	30°C		38.2 (6.6↓)
		20–22 DAA	08:00–17:00	40°C		31.4 (23.1↓)
		20–22 DAA	08:00–17:00	40°C		31.4 (23.1↓)
CK1	Nature condition in the field					40.9
		20–22 DAA	08:00–17:00	30°C		38.5 (8.5↓)
		20–22 DAA	08:00–17:00	40°C		37.4 (11.0↓)
CK2	Nature condition in the field					42.0
Lira–Sa−92, Sakha−8, Gemmeiza−7	Sown late in field					48.1 (15.6↓)	54.9g/plant (24.9↓)	Hassan et al., 2016
CK	Optimal sowing dates in field					57.0	73.1g/plant
Bainongaikang 58, Luohan 2	Move pots to the walking–in chambers	10–11 DAA	11:00–16:00	38 °C		36.2 (17.7↓)	38.3g/pot (19.1↓)	Jing et al., 2010
		20–21 DAA	11:00–16:00	38 °C		33.2 (24.6↓)	35.9g/pot (24.2↓)
CK	Nature condition in the field					44.0	47.4g/pot
Yang 9, Yang 12	Move pots to the artificial intelligence greenhouse	1–3 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		37.6 (11.1↓)		Liu et al., 2007
		6–8 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		37.4 (11.5↓)
		13–15 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		37.0 (12.4↓)
		19–21 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		36.7 (13.1↓)
		25–27 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		37.3 (11.7↓)
		33–35 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		39.7 (6.0↓)
		36–38 DAA	8:00–18:00	25°C		40.8 (3.5↓)
		1–3 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		36.2 (14.3↓)
		6–8 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		38.1 (9.9↓)
		13–15 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		37.3 (11.6↓)
		19–21 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		36.2 (14.4↓)
		25–27 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		39.2 (7.3↓)
		33–35 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		41.4 (1.9↓)
		36–38 DAA	8:00–18:00	30°C		42.4 (0.4↑)
		1–3 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		28.1 (33.5↓)
		6–8 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		27.0 (36.1↓)
		13–15 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		36.3 (14.2↓)
		19–21 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		35.0 (17.2↓)
		25–27 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		35.9 (15.1↓)
		33–35 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		39.5 (6.5↓)
		36–38 DAA	8:00–18:00	35°C		40.3 (4.5↓)
		1–3 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		19.8 (53.2↓)
		6–8 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		8.8 (79.2↓)
		13–15 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		34.7 (18.0↓)
		19–21 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		33.7 (20.2↓)
		25–27 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		35.0 (17.7↓)
		33–35 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		37.9 (10.3↓)
		36–38 DAA	8:00–18:00	40°C		39.3 (6.9↓)
CK	Nature condition in the field					42.3
Berkut/Krichauff, DH	Late sown in field					25.6 (26.3↓)	1975.8 Kg/hm2 (45.8↓)	Tiwari et al., 2012
CK	Normal sown in field					34.7	3647.6 Kg/hm2
Ji 20, Wennong 6	Plastic shed in the field	1–5 DAA	8:00–18:00	CK+3°C	31.2 (21.8↓)	35.2 (2.5↓)	531.8 (22.8↓)	Yang et al., 2014
CK	Nature condition in the field				39.9	36.1	688.5g/m2