Table 4.
Biological processes enriched by polyherbal when compared to choline chloride Δ.
| Potential Implications in Dog 1 | Metabolic Pathway 2 | Fc 3 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases | Renin–angiotensin system − | 3.4 | 0.03 |
| Carbohydrate absorption and digestion − | 3.3 | 0.02 | |
| PPAR signaling pathways − | 2.5 | 0.02 | |
| Prevention of cancer | Signaling pathways that regulate stem cell pluripotency (SPRSCP) − | 2.4 | 0.001 |
| TGFβ signaling pathways − | 2.2 | 0.03 | |
| Transcriptional dysregulation in cancer − | 2.3 | 0.002 | |
| Estrogen signaling pathways − | 2.2 | 0.03 | |
| Cholinergic synapse − | 2.1 | 0.03 | |
| FoxO signaling pathways − | 2.1 | 0.02 | |
| MAPK signaling pathways + | 2.0 | 0.01 | |
| Pathways in cancer − | 1.5 | 0.04 | |
| Inflammatory and immune response | Adherens junctions − | 2.5 | 0.03 |
| Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction − | 1.7 | 0.02 | |
| Chemokine signaling pathways − | 1.7 | 0.04 | |
| Behavior and cognitive process | Addiction to nicotine − | 3.5 | 0.01 |
1 Authors classification; 2 analyses from DAVID 6.8 Bioinformatic gene set enrichment. 3 Fc: fold enrichment. PPAR: peroxisome proliferator associated receptor. TGFβ: transformer growth factor β. FoxO: forkhead box transcription factor. MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase. – Biological processes were enrichment with down-regulated genes. + Biological processes were enrichment with up-regulated genes. Δ This is equivalent to 2000 mg/kg choline.