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. 2022 Apr 20;9(5):181. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9050181

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Electric analogue of the cardiovascular system. The network is assembled with septum, left and right heart, main and small pulmonary arterial sections, pulmonary arteriole and capillary sections, and the pulmonary venous section. The left circulation includes ascending and descending aorta compartments, peripheral arteries, and carotid artery sections, coronary circulation, superior and inferior vena cava sections, and systemic veins compartment. RVAD is the right ventricular assist device. Table 2 lists the symbols used. (b) The behaviour of the ascending aorta is simulated with resistances R_AA and R_Vaa, inertance L_AA and compliance C_AA. QR_AA is the flow through the resistance and inertance. The descending aorta is implemented with resistances R_DA and R_Vda, inertance L_DA and compliance C_DA. QR_DA is the flow through the resistance (R_DA) and inertance (L_DA). The carotid arteries section is reproduced with a simple resistance (R_CA). The superior vena cava module consists of resistances R_{SVC_I} and R_{SVC_II}, inertance L_SCV, and compliance C_SVC. The inferior vena cava module is modelled with resistances R_IVC, R_{IVC_I}, and R_{IVC_II}; inertance L_IVC; and compliance C_IVC. The intrathoracic pressure (Pt) affects compliances C_AA, C_DA, C_IVC, and C_SVC. Table 2 lists the symbols used. (c) The peripheral arteries module is modelled with resistances R_A and R_Va and compliance C_A. The resistor R_Va accounts for viscous losses of the vessels wall. QR_A is the blood flow outside the compartment; it is a part of the blood that reaches the systemic veins compartment. (d) Schematic representation of RVAD connection. When the right ventricular assist device is connected in parallel, blood is removed from the right atrium (SW₁ = ON and SW₂ = OFF) and ejected into the pulmonary artery. When RVAD is connected in series, blood is removed from the right ventricle (SW₁ = OFF and SW₂ = ON) and ejected into the pulmonary artery. The input (output) RVAD cannula is modelled with RLC elements. Q_oPUMP (Q_iPUMP) is the output (inlet) flow rate from the pump. Q_oCANN (Q_iCANN) is the output (inlet) flow rate from the cannula. The electrical analogue of the pulmonary circulation is described in [22] (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22], Copywright© 1991–2019 C. De Lazzari).

(a) Electric analogue of the cardiovascular system. The network is assembled with septum, left and right heart, main and small pulmonary arterial sections, pulmonary arteriole and capillary sections, and the pulmonary venous section. The left circulation includes ascending and descending aorta compartments, peripheral arteries, and carotid artery sections, coronary circulation, superior and inferior vena cava sections, and systemic veins compartment. RVAD is the right ventricular assist device. Table 2 lists the symbols used. (b) The behaviour of the ascending aorta is simulated with resistances R_AA and R_Vaa, inertance L_AA and compliance C_AA. QR_AA is the flow through the resistance and inertance. The descending aorta is implemented with resistances R_DA and R_Vda, inertance L_DA and compliance C_DA. QR_DA is the flow through the resistance (R_DA) and inertance (L_DA). The carotid arteries section is reproduced with a simple resistance (R_CA). The superior vena cava module consists of resistances R_{SVC_I} and R_{SVC_II}, inertance L_SCV, and compliance C_SVC. The inferior vena cava module is modelled with resistances R_IVC, R_{IVC_I}, and R_{IVC_II}; inertance L_IVC; and compliance C_IVC. The intrathoracic pressure (Pt) affects compliances C_AA, C_DA, C_IVC, and C_SVC. Table 2 lists the symbols used. (c) The peripheral arteries module is modelled with resistances R_A and R_Va and compliance C_A. The resistor R_Va accounts for viscous losses of the vessels wall. QR_A is the blood flow outside the compartment; it is a part of the blood that reaches the systemic veins compartment. (d) Schematic representation of RVAD connection. When the right ventricular assist device is connected in parallel, blood is removed from the right atrium (SW₁ = ON and SW₂ = OFF) and ejected into the pulmonary artery. When RVAD is connected in series, blood is removed from the right ventricle (SW₁ = OFF and SW₂ = ON) and ejected into the pulmonary artery. The input (output) RVAD cannula is modelled with RLC elements. Q_oPUMP (Q_iPUMP) is the output (inlet) flow rate from the pump. Q_oCANN (Q_iCANN) is the output (inlet) flow rate from the cannula. The electrical analogue of the pulmonary circulation is described in [22] (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22], Copywright© 1991–2019 C. De Lazzari).