Table 6.
Serum testosterone concentration (ng/mL) for males across all reproductive states and during periods of musth and inter-musth. Individual, birth origin, age range during study, number of samples measured for serum testosterone, concentration median, range, mean, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV).
| Overall | Inter-Musth Period a | Musth Period | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual | Origin of Birth | Age Range (Years) |
N | Median (Range) |
Mean (SD) |
CV% | Median (Range) |
Mean (SD) |
CV% | Median (Range) | Mean (SD) |
CV% |
| Male1 | Wild | ~34–43 | 350 | 5.07 (0.10–258.88) |
29.49 (44.45) |
150.74 | 1.98 (0.10–103.42) |
5.31 (11.44) |
215.99 | 82.10 (0.55–258.88) |
79.53 (45.65) |
57.39 |
| Male2 | Zoo-born | 32–54 | 1087 | 7.25 (0.10–300.26) |
21.19 (33.66) |
158.83 | 2.89 (0.10–120.18) |
6.35 (10.46) |
164.68 | 38.47 (0.10–300.26) |
49.64 (44.16) |
88.95 |
| 34–44 a | 485 b | 8.70 (0.10–300.26) |
28.79 (41.73) |
144.94 | 3.68 (0.10–120.18) |
7.68 (12.08) |
157.28 | 48.53 (0.12–300.26) |
59.39 (49.76) |
83.79 | ||
| Male3 | Wild | ~34–44 | 468 | 2.40 (0.10–99.10) |
9.76 (14.14) |
145.23 | 0.51 (0.10–43.17) |
1.92 (4.25) |
221.58 | 17.23 (0.10–99.10) |
21.31 (16.20) |
76.04 |
| Male4 b | Zoo-born | 12–32 | 939 | 4.60 (0.10–141.65) |
15.24 (23.51) |
154.32 | 0.69 (0.10–76.17) |
3.41 (6.65) |
194.96 | 36.72 (0.10–141.65) |
41.58 (28.57) |
68.72 |
| 11–15 c | 179 | 4.13 (0.10–56.57) |
5.97 (6.76) |
113.12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 15–32 d | 760 | 4.67 (0.10–141.65) |
17.24 (26.29) |
146.09 | 0.69 (0.10–76.17) |
3.41 (6.65) |
194.96 | 36.72 (0.10–141.65) |
41.58 (28.57) |
68.72 | ||
| All Elephants |
~12–54 | 2734 | 5.12 (0.10–300.26) |
18.25 (30.26) |
165.78 | 1.34 (0.10–120.18) |
4.56 (8.97) |
196.70 | 34.96 (0.10–300.26) |
46.02 (39.68) |
86.23 | |
a Age range limited for comparisons to Male1 and Male3 at similar chronological ages. b Inter-musth period includes only data between musth periods and does not include data prior to the first occurrence of musth. c Age range limited to time period prior to first musth at age 15. d Age range limited to time period after first musth at age 15.