Table 1.
Overview of methods based on RBP or TFP from different bacteriophages.
| Target Species | Capture Method | Detection (Visualization) Method | Limit of Detection | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Sandwich fluorescence assay | Fluorescence (FITC-labeled probes) | 6.2 × 102 CFU/mL | [58] |
| Magnetic beads coated with TFP | Bioluminescence (ATP release with luciferin/luciferase detection) | |||
| Magnetic nanoparticles coated with TFP | MALDI-TOF MS | ∼2.34 × 105 and ∼4.48 × 104 CFU/mL, depending on the strain | [59] | |
|
Acinetobacter baumannii Pse + other Pse bacteria (Pse–Ppseudoaminic acid) |
Incubation in solution | Fluorescently labeled probe | - | [60] |
| TFP-coated microplate wells | FITC labeling of bacteria | |||
| Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium | Magnetic nanoparticles coated with His-tagged TFP | Array of spin-valve sensors on the biochip | 10 CFU/mL | [61] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Magnetic particles | Magnetic separation | 6.7 × 102 CFU/mL and 1.7 × 102 CFU/mL | [62] |
| Fluorescent labeling by TRITC | Fluorescent microscopy | |||
| Yersinia pestis | Fluorescent probe (RBP proteins from Y. pestis phages φA1122 and L-413C) | Fluorescent microscopy | - | [63] |
| Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli | Microresonator functionalized with the GST-Gp48 tailspike | Biosensors | - | [64] |
| RBP and GFP-coupled RBP (Gp047) | Agglutination assay on glass slide and fluorescent microscopy | - | [65] | |
| Salmonella spp. | TSP-coated gold/incubation in solution | SEM or SPR | 103 CFU/mL in case of SPR | [66] |
| Det7T loaded to the gold-coated surfaces of a CM5 chip | SPR | 5 × 107 CFU/mL | [67] | |
| Metal beads conjugated with HRP-LTF; incubation in solution | enzyme-linked LTF assay (ELLTA) | 102 CFU/mL | ||
| Shigella spp. | Sf6TSP cloned with Strep-Tag coated microplate wells | ELISA-like tailspike adsorption assay (ELITA) | 103 CFU/mL | [68] |
| Bacillus anthracis | NanoLuc-RBPλ03Δ1-120, RBP conjugated with commercial luciferase | Enzyme-linked phage receptor binding protein assay (ELPRA)-luminescence | - | [69] |
| HRP moiety directly conjugated to the RBPλ03Δ1-120 | ELPRA-colorimetric assay | |||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gp86 RBP fused with mCherry | Fluorescence microscopy and RBP-based fluorescent spectroscopy | - | [70] |
Legend: GFP—green fluorescent protein; CFU—colony forming unit; TFP—tail fiber protein; SEM—scanning electron microscopy; SPR—surface plasmon resonance; ELPRA-enzyme-linked phage receptor binding protein assays; FITC—fluorescein isothiocyanate; MALDI-TOF MS—Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry; RBP—receptor binding protein; TSP—tailspike proteins; HRP—horseradish peroxidase.