Table 1.

Main metabolic pathways and their correlations with AMD.

Metabolic Pathways	Correlations with AMD	References
Total cholesterol (TC) metabolism	High TC level indicates decreased risk of AMD	[70]
	High TC level at baseline predicts risk of progression, but TC level is low in progressed patients	[71]
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism	ABCA1: loci for advanced AMD with genome-wide significance	[72]
Lipid hydroperoxides metabolism	GPX4: loci for advanced AMD with genome-wide significance	[72]
The carnitine shuttle pathway	Carnitine shuttle pathway are significantly increased in patients with wet AMD	[73]
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolism	eyes with AMD show decreased levels of very long chain-PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs) and low ω-3/ω-6 ratios	[74]
	high intake of ω-3 PUFAs is associated with a reduced risk of early AMD	[75,76,77]
	ω-3 fatty acids have no effect on AMD incidence or progression	[78,79]