Figure 3.

A comparison of amniotic fluid lactate concentrations (A) and umbilical blood lactate concentrations (B) in puppies born by elective Cesarean section (EL-CS), emergency Cesarean section (EM-CS), and vaginal parturition (VP). Above each boxplot, significant differences (p < 0.05) observed between parameters are marked with different lower-case letters, and the number of observations per group is indicated. The box represents the lower and upper quartiles, the line in the box denotes the median values, and whiskers the minimum and maximum values excluding outliers, which are marked with points.