Table 1.
List of delivery systems used in in vitro HeLa cells and in vivo U14 cervical carcinoma.
| Type of Delivery System | Flavonoid | Constitution | Characteristics | Type of Study | Experimental Studies | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | Quercetin | Soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol | Size: 143.1 nm EE 1: 96.96% |
In vitro and in vivo | IC502: 10–50 µM. DR 3: 26.5% after 12 h. Tumor decreases by about 50%. |
[43] |
| PEG 4, cholesterol and soybean phosphatidylcholine | Size: 171.3 nm EE: 81.25% |
In vitro and in vivo | Toxicity: 10% IC50: 3.033 µM after 48 h. Tumor decreases from 1500 mm3 to 500 mm3. |
[44] | ||
| Egg-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-PEG 2000 | Size: 109.79 nm. EE: superior to 80% |
In vitro | IC50: 185 µM, 40 µM and 14 µM were established after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. | [45] | ||
| Triglycerides, lecithin, PEG and acid folic | EE: 96.01% | In vitro | IC50: 13 µM. | [46] | ||
| Baicalein | Soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol | Size: between 166.9 and 194.6 nm ZP 5: between −18.23 and −30.73 mV EE: 44.3% |
In vitro | Inhibition rate of 66.34%. | [47] | |
| Nanoemulsion | Quercetin | Polyglyceryl-10 laurate, polyglycerol-6 monostearate and sucrose esters-11 | Size: between 93 nm and 233 nm EE: 84.7% |
In vitro | VR 6 to 90%. | [48] |
| Biopolymer | Quercetin | Chitosan and quinoline | Size: 174.8 nm EE: 77.2% |
In vitro | IC50: 10–14 ug/mL after 48 h. DR: 69.3%–78.4% after 8 h. |
[49] |
| Rutin and quercetin | Keratin and sodium dodecyl sulphate | Size: 55 nm ZP: −28.09 mV EE: 86.5% |
In vitro | 85% was released within 30 h. VR up to 80%. |
[50] | |
| Rutin | Fucoidan | Size: 221 nm |
In vitro | IC50: 20 µg/mL | [51] | |
| Naringenin | Silk fibroin | Size: between 148.4 and 180.1 nm ZP: between −30.5 and −39.1 mV EE: 21.81% |
In vitro | IC50: 250 µg/mL. | [52] | |
| Hesperidin | Gliadin coated with chitosan | Size: between 226.5 and 321.40 nm ZP: between −2.91 and 21.40 mV EE: between 73.10 and 80.11% |
In vitro | IC50: 16 ug/mL For blank nanoparticles IC50 of 159.33 µg/mL |
[53] | |
| Synthetic polymer | Genistein | Poly e-caprolactone and PEG 1000 succinate | Size: 181.83 nm ZP: −14.70 mV EE: 95.56% |
In vitro and in vivo | IC50: 24.3 ug/mL, 13.6 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. In vivo studies showed a reduction of tumour weight by about 4 times. |
[54] |
| Quercetin | Gelatin modified pluronics | Size: between 79.52 and 152.51 nm EE: 93.02% |
In vitro | IC50: 45.83 µM. | [55] | |
| PEG and poly lactide-co-glycolide | Size: between 143.1 and 153 nm EE: between 97.8% and 99% |
In vitro | IC50: 10 µM. | [56] | ||
| Inorganic polymer | Quercetin | Oxide nanoparticles functionalized with citric acid and α-cyclodextrin | Size: between 22.35 and 59.9 nm ZP: between −15.4 and 35.6 mV EE: higher than 75% |
In vitro | VR: almost zero for nanoparticles with a drug concentration of 100 µg/mL. | [57] |
| Phloretin | Gold nanoparticles | Size: 8 and 15 nm ZP: between −31.7 and −38.2 mV |
In vitro | VR: 12.5% with a concentration of 4 mg/mL. | [58] | |
| Hesperetin, naringenin and apigenin | Copper complexes | In vitro | Inhibitory rate between 20 and 30%. | [59] | ||
| Inorganic polymer/biopolymer | Quercetin | Copper nanoclusters with hydroxyapatite | Size: 36.2 nm ZP: −19.3 mV EE: 72% |
In vitro | IC50: 500 µM. | [60] |
| Inorganic/synthetic polymer | Quercetin | Magnetic nanoparticles coated with poly citric acid and functionalized with folic acid and PEG | Size: between 10 and 49 nm EE: 80.3% |
In vitro | VR: 25% with 100 µg/mL of quercetin. Toxicity: 0% |
[61] |
| Halloysites nanotubes functionalized with PEG | ZP: 37.44 mV | In vitro | VR: 30% for a drug concentration of 50 µg/mL. Toxicity: 10%. |
[62] | ||
| Quercetin and luteolin | Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, folic acid and PEG | Size: between 8 and 20 nm | In vitro | VR: 20% and 40% with 100 µg/mL of quercetin and luteolin, respectively. | [63,64] | |
| Micelles | Quercetin | Chondroitin sulfate and cholesterol | Size: between 124 and 237 nm EE: 30.6% |
In vitro | VR: near to 80% for a drug concentration of 200 µg/mL. | [65] |
| Inclusion complex | Fisetin | Cyclosophoraose dimers | Showed 2.4 times more solubility of fisetin than β-cyclodextrin | In vitro | VR: 29% after an incubation of 24 h with 100 µM of drug. | [66] |
| Chrysin | β-cyclodextrin | Size: 458 nm ZP: −38.4 mV EE: 59.1% |
In vitro | VR: 11.5% after 48 h with 100 µM of drug. | [67] | |
| Dendrimers | Baicalin | Poly amidoamine dendrimers modified with folic acid | Size: between 174.4 and 258.8 nm ZP: between −2.9 mV and −9.3 mV EE: between 53.5 and 91.9% |
In vitro | VR: 40% after 48 h with 25 µg/mL of baicalin. | [68] |
1 EE—Encapsulation efficiency (%). 2 IC50—Half inhibitory drug concentration. 3 DR—Drug release. 4 PEG—Polyethylene glycol. 5 ZP—Zeta potential (mV). 6 VR—Viability reduction.