Table 1.
Basic information of included studies.
| Author, Year (Country) | Allocation | Mean Age, Years | Female, % | Mean BMI, kg/m2 | Mean LVEF, % | NYHA III-IV, % | Muscle Contracted † | Intervention Duration and Frequency | Supervised ‡ | Setting | Follow-Ups | Outcomes (Measures) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkan, et al., 2017 (Turkey) [32] | IG: 35 CG: 35 | 64.4 (12.8) | 60.7% | NR | NR | 73.2% | Respiratory | 30 min daily for 3 months | No | Home | Baseline and 3 months | 1. Dyspnea (BDI) |
| Beniaminovitz, et al., 2002 (United States) [29] | IG: 20 CG: 9 | 49.36 (3.4) | 28.0% | NR | 19.4 (1.4) | NR | Peripheral | 30 min per session, 3 sessions per week for 3 months | Yes | Hospital | 3 months | 1. Dyspnea (TDI) |
| Bosnak-Guclu, et al., 2011 (Turkey) [35] | IG: 18 CG:18 | 67.7 (9.3) | 20% | 25.9 (3.8) | 34.9 (7. 4) | 33.3% | Respiratory | 30 min daily for 6 weeks | Yes | Home and Rehabilitation center | Baseline and 1.5 months | 1. Dyspnea (MMRC); 2. Fatigue (Turkish FSS); 3. Pain (SF-36 bodily pain dimension) |
| Chen, et al., 2018 (Taiwan, China) [45] | IG: 39 CG:41 | 70.3 (13.5) | 47.5% | NR | 58.6 (15.6) | NR | Respiratory and Peripheral | 35 min per session, 3 sessions per week for 3 months | No | Home | Baseline, 1 2, and 3 months | 1. Fatigue (Chinese PFS) |
| Corvera-Tindel, et al., 2004 (United States) [39] | IG: 42 CG: 37 | 62.6 (10.6) | 1.3% | 29.5 (6.3) | 27 (8.8) | 19% | Peripheral | 10–60 min per session, 5 sessions per week for 3 months | No | Home | 3 months | 1. Dyspnea (DFI) |
| Hossein Pour, et al., 2020 (Iran) [33] | IG: 49 CG: 49 | 56.6 (9.2) | 47.6% | 25.7 (4.7) | 33.1 (5.3) | 61.9% | Respiratory | 30 min daily for 6 weeks | Yes | Home and rehabilitation center | Baseline and 1.5 months | 1. Dyspnea (MMRC); 2. Fatigue (FSS) |
| Jena, et al., 2020 (India) [40] | IG: 20 CG: 20 | NR | 37.5% | NR | NR | NR | Peripheral | 30 min daily for 1 month | Yes | Home and hospital | 1 month | 1. Edema (Edema grading scale) 2. Pain (Numeric pain rating scale) |
| Jin and Lee, 2016 (Korea) [41] | IG: 32 CG: 28 | 58 (12) | 26.8% | NR | 31.2 (6.9) | 12.2% | Peripheral | 50 min per session, 5 sessions per week for 3 months | Yes | Home | Baseline and 3 months | 1. Dyspnea (DFI) |
| Klocek, et al., 2005 (Poland) [31] | IG (A): 14 IG (B): 14 CG: 14 | 55.9 (8.1) | 0% | 27 (3.9) | 33.2 (3.8) | 57.1% | Peripheral | 25 min per session, 3 sessions per week for 6 months | Yes | Rehabilitation center | Baseline and 6 months | 1. Subjective symptoms (SSA-P) |
| Norman, et al., 2020 (United States) [34] | IG: 102 CG: 102 |
60.4 (11.5) | 44.6% | 34.9 (8.2) | 39.9 (13.1) | 36.8% | Peripheral | 150 min per week for 18 months | Yes | Rehabilitation center | Baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months | 1. Fatigue (PROMIS-29) |
| Pozehl, et al., 2008 (United States) [42] | IG: 16 CG: 7 | 66.2 (10.2) | 9.5% | 26.9 (5.6) | 28.4 (7.3) | 61.9% | Peripheral | 60 min per session, 3 sessions per week for 6 months | Yes | Rehabilitation center | Baseline, 3 and 6 months | 1. Dyspnea (Dyspnea Index) 2. Fatigue (PFS) |
| Pozehl, et al., 2010 (United States) [43] | IG: 22 CG: 20 | 59.9 (13.8) | 45.5% | NR | 32.7 (6.1) | 45.2% | Peripheral | 60 min per session, 3 sessions per week for 6 months | Yes | Rehabilitation center | Baseline and 3 months | 1. Dyspnea (DFI) |
| Seo, et al., 2016 (United States) [36] | IG: 18 CG: 18 | 65.9 (12.4) | 28.6% | 31.1 (6.3) | 37.1 (18.6) | 52.3% | Respiratory | 15 min per session, two sessions daily, at least 5 days per week for 2 months | No | Home | Baseline, 2 and 5 months | 1. Dyspnea (Items from KCCQ; Dyspnea with ADL; Dyspnea with physical functioning) |
| Wall, et al., 2010 (United States) [44] | IG: 9 CG: 10 | 69.7 (4.1) | 42.1% | NR | NR | NR | Peripheral | 15 min per session, 3 sessions per week for 12 months | Yes | Home | Baseline, 6 and 12 months | 1. Dyspnea (CHQ Subscale); 2. Fatigue (CHQ Subscale) |
| Weiner, et al., 1999 (Israel) [37] | IG: 10 CG: 10 | 65 (4.4) | 10% | NR | 23.8 (2.2) | NR | Respiratory | 60 min daily, 6 times per week for 3 months | Yes | Hospital | Baseline and 3 months | 1. Dyspnea (Dyspnea Index) |
| Willenheimer, et al., 1998 and 2001 Sweden) [38,46] | IG: 23 CG: 27 | 64 (7.4) | 29% | NR | 35.6 (10.9) | 49.0% | Peripheral | 45 min per session, three sessions per week for 4 months | Yes | Rehabilitation center | Baseline, 4 and 10 months | 1. Dyspnea (DFI) |
| Yu, et al., 2007 (Hong Kong, China) [30] | IG: 79 CG: 79 | 76.2 (7.8) | 50.4% | NR | NR | 37.2% | Peripheral | 60 min per session, 2 sessions per week for 14 weeks | No | Home and hospital | Baseline, 2 and 3.5 months | 1. Dyspnea (CHQ Subscale); 2. Fatigue (CHQ Subscale) |
Note: † Muscle contracted categorized according to the peripheral muscles versus respiratory muscles contracted during the exercise-based interventions. ‡ Supervised categorized according to the exercise sessions under constant supervision or partial supervision (supervised: yes) versus those not under any supervision (supervised: no). Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; LVEF, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NR, not reported; BDI, the Basal Dyspnea Index; TDI, the Transitional Dyspnea Index; MMRC, Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; PFS, Piper Fatigue Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; DFI, the Dyspnea Fatigue Index; CHQ, the Chronic Heart Failure Questionnaire; SSA-P, the Subjective Symptoms Assessment Profile; PROMIS-29, patient-reported outcome measurement information systems; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; IG: Intervention Group; CG: Control Group; ADL: Activities of daily living.