Table 2.
Factors Associated with AKD Severity in patients with AKI.
| Non-AKD (n = 71) |
AKD Stage 1 (n = 73) |
AKD Stage 2 (n = 95) |
AKD Stage 3 (n = 71) |
p-Value | |
| Demographic Profiles and Comorbidities, n (%) or Median (IQR) | |||||
| Age (years) | 68 (60–78) | 66 (56–77) | 71 (60–80) | 68 (56–81) | 0.437 |
| Female | 27 (38.03) | 30 (41.10) | 41 (43.16) | 27 (38.03) | 0.886 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.62 (20.35–27.89) | 25.06 (20.97–29.52) | 24.98 (22.42–29.18) | 24.27 (22.08–28.53) | 0.408 |
| Diabetes | 26 (36.62) | 37 (50.68) | 46 (48.42) | 26 (36.62) | 0.158 |
| Hypertension | 34 (47.89) | 40 (54.79) | 54 (56.84) | 35 (49.30) | 0.621 |
| Dyslipidemia | 11 (15.49) | 11 (15.07) | 15 (15.79) | 10 (14.08) | 0.992 |
| CKD | 25 (35.21) | 40 (54.79) | 41 (43.16) | 23 (32.39) b | 0.029 * |
| Heart Failure | 11 (15.49) | 20 (27.40) | 18 (18.95) | 5 (7.04) b | 0.013 * |
| Vascular Disease | 16 (22.54) | 23 (31.51) | 24 (25.26) | 15 (21.13) | 0.487 |
| Liver Disease | 18 (25.35) | 21 (28.77) | 30 (31.58) | 24 (33.80) | 0.709 |
| Pulmonary Disease | 9 (12.68) | 7 (9.59) | 9 (9.47) | 11 (15.49) | 0.607 |
| Malignancy | 36 (50.70) | 28 (38.36) | 43 (45.26) | 35 (49.30) | 0.444 |
| Main Causes of AKI, n (%) | |||||
| Sepsis | 39 (54.93) | 45 (61.64) | 60 (63.16) | 44 (61.97) | 0.728 |
| Cardiorenal Syndrome | 5 (7.04) | 8 (10.96) | 6 (6.32) | 3 (4.23) | 0.453 |
| Hypovolemia | 7 (9.86) | 1 (1.37) | 3 (3.16) | 2 (2.82) | 0.052 # |
| Obstructive Uropathy | 2 (2.82) | 2 (2.74) | 4 (4.21) | 5 (7.04) | 0.541 |
| Intrarenal Causes †† | 18 (25.35) | 17 (23.29) | 22 (23.16) | 17 (23.94) | 0.989 |
| Aggravating Factors at Diagnosis of AKI, n (%) | |||||
| Shock Status | 12 (16.90) | 10 (13.70) | 7 (7.37) | 10 (14.08) | 0.286 |
| Offending Drugs † | 12 (16.90) | 24 (32.88) | 33 (34.74) | 26 (36.62) a | 0.038 * |
| Contrast Exposure | 9 (12.68) | 15 (20.55) | 22 (23.16) | 13 (18.31) | 0.385 |
| AKI Severity and RRT Status at Diagnosis of AKI, n (%) | |||||
| AKI KDIGO Stage 1–2 | 60 (84.51) | 69 (94.52) | 69 (72.63) b | 30 (42.25) a,b,c | <0.001 * |
| AKI KDIGO Stage 3 | 11 (15.49) | 4 (5.48) | 26 (27.37) b | 41 (57.75) a,b,c | <0.001 * |
| RRT within 0–6 Days | 6 (8.45) | 11 (15.07) | 8 (8.42) | 15 (21.13) | 0.057 # |
Comparisons were performed using the chi-square test for categorical variables or the Kruskal–Wallis H-test for continuous variables. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKD, acute kidney disease; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; COX-2I, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor; KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. †: including NSAIDs or COX-2Is (n = 29), antineoplastic agents or nephrotoxic antibiotics (n = 24; cisplatin, n = 7, immune checkpoint inhibitor, n = 2, methotrexate, n = 4, colistin, n = 4, aminoglycoside, n = 3, vancomycin, n = 2, and amphotericin B, n = 2), ACEIs or ARBs (n = 39), and other drugs with nephrotoxicity (n = 3); ††: including 3 biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis (minimal change disease, n = 1, focal mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, n = 1, and class IV lupus nephritis, n = 1), 2 clinically diagnosed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and 1 nephrotic syndrome with clinical exacerbation; corticosteroid (n = 6), cyclophosphamide (n = 1), and mycophenolate mofetil (n = 2) were prescribed as the regimens for these patients; a: significantly different compared with non-AKD; b: significantly different compared with AKD stage 1; c: significantly different compared with AKD stage 2; *: p < 0.05; #: p < 0.10.