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. 2022 May 12;10(5):1121. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10051121

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Stages of microbial biofilm formation. Adapted from [163], published by Antimicrobial Resist Infect Control, 2019 and [164], published by Front Chem, 2019.