Table 3.
Content (mg/g extract) of the phenolic compounds identified in the hydroethanolic extracts of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis blades collected at different growth stages.
| Sample | Compound 1 | Compound 2 | Compound 3 | Compound 4 | Compound 5 | Compound 6 | Compound 7 | Compound 8 | Compound 9 | Compound 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.5 ± 0.1 d | n.d. | 25.5 ± 0.6 a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 3.08 ± 0.05 d |
| B2 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.81 ± 0.02 c | n.d. | 3.33 ± 0.03 e | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 3.4 ± 0.1 c |
| B3 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.4 ± 0.2 b | n.d. | 19.5 ± 0.3 c | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 3.6 ± 0.1 b |
| B4 | 1.530 ± 0.002 e | 1.68 ± 0.04 b | n.d. | 42.6 ± 0.1 a | n.d. | 2.6 ± 0.1 c | 0.174 ± 0.001 h | 1.241 ± 0.003 c | 2.988 ± 0.003 d | n.d. |
| B5 | 1.212 ± 0.005 f | 1.383 ± 0.002 d | n.d. | 36.63 ± 0.02 b | n.d. | 2.124 ± 0.005 ef | 0.8220 ± 0.0003 e | 0.66 ± 0.02 j | 2.7 ± 0.1 e | n.d. |
| B6 | 2.90 ± 0.01 d | 2.53 ± 0.03 a | n.d. | 35.47 ± 0.02 c | n.d. | 4.06 ± 0.02 a | 0.83 ± 0.01 e | 0.86 ± 0.01 g | 0.417 ± 0.005 k | n.d. |
| B7 | 0.584 ± 0.003 i | 1.18 ± 0.02 e | n.d. | 31.05 ± 0.05 d | n.d. | 3.120 ± 0.003 b | 0.934 ± 0.001 c | 1.04 ± 0.01 e | 2.23 ± 0.02 f | n.d. |
| B8 | 1.206 ± 0.001 f | 0.825 ± 0.003 h | n.d. | 26.1 ± 0.2 f | n.d. | 2.01 ± 0.04 g | 0.979 ± 0.002 b | 0.97 ± 0.01 f | 3.19 ± 0.02 c | n.d. |
| B9 | 0.88 ± 0.01 h | 1.53 ± 0.04 c | n.d. | 21.21 ± 0.04 h | n.d. | 2.171 ± 0.004 e | 1.05 ± 0.01 a | 1.05 ± 0.01 e | 7.3 ± 0.1 a | n.d. |
| B10 | 3.15 ± 0.03 c | 1.38 ± 0.01 d | n.d. | 29.8 ± 0.3 e | n.d. | 2.52 ± 0.05 d | 0.86 ± 0.01 d | 0.707 ± 0.005 i | 1.946 ± 0.001 h | n.d. |
| B11 | 5.56 ± 0.01 b | 1.15 ± 0.02 e | n.d. | 24.6 ± 0.1 g | n.d. | 1.33 ± 0.02 h | 0.636 ± 0.002 g | 0.761 ± 0.003 h | 1.45 ± 0.01 j | n.d. |
| B12 | 6.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.061 ± 0.003 f | n.d. | 20.5 ± 0.3 j | n.d. | 1.31 ± 0.01 h | 0.82 ± 0.02 e | 1.193 ± 0.003 d | 1.68 ± 0.03 i | n.d. |
| B13 | 1.1623 ± 0.0003 g | 1.416 ± 0.003 d | n.d. | 20.83 ± 0.03 i | n.d. | 1.98 ± 0.01 g | 0.93 ± 0.01 c | 1.37 ± 0.02 a | 3.93 ± 0.01 b | n.d. |
| B14 | 0.91 ± 0.02 h | 0.89 ± 0.01 g | n.d. | 13.3 ± 0.3 k | n.d. | 2.09 ± 0.03 f | 0.78 ± 0.01 f | 1.28 ± 0.01 b | 2.1615 ± 0.0004 g | n.d. |
| B15 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.6 ± 0.1 d | n.d. | 11.63 ± 0.02 d | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.9 ± 0.1 e |
| B16 | n.d. | n.d. | 8.2 ± 0.1 a | n.d. | 23.3 ± 0.03 b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 9.03 ± 0.02 a |
| Compound 11 | Compound 12 | Compound 13 | Compound 14 | Compound 15 | Compound 16 | Compound 17 | Compound 18 | Compound 19 | Compound 20 | |
| B1 | n.d. | 24.2 ± 0.1 e | n.d. | 33.5 ± 0.5 c | n.d. | 3.82 ± 0.01 d | n.d. | 6.70 ± 0.01 e | n.d. | n.d. |
| B2 | n.d. | 101 ± 1 a | n.d. | 36 ± 2 b | n.d. | 6.0 ± 0.3 b | n.d. | 18.6 ± 0.3 b | n.d. | n.d. |
| B3 | n.d. | 56.5 ± 2.5 b | n.d. | 31.1 ± 0.2 d | n.d. | 7.4 ± 0.2 a | n.d. | 54 ± 1 a | n.d. | n.d. |
| B4 | 3.335 ± 0.003 j | n.d. | 25.9 ± 0.1 b | n.d. | 3.8 ± 0.1 f | n.d. | 1.70 ± 0.01 g | n.d. | 9.4 ± 0.1 c | 0.80 ± 0.02 e |
| B5 | 10.6 ± 0.1 f | n.d. | 18.4 ± 0.5 e | n.d. | 2.6 ± 0.1 g | n.d. | 1.60 ± 0.01 h | n.d. | 9.07 ± 0.02 d | 0.84 ± 0.01 d |
| B6 | 13.9 ± 0.1 d | n.d. | 1.982 ± 0.001 h | n.d. | 7.34 ± 0.03 a | n.d. | 2.174 ± 0.002 b | n.d. | 15.9 ± 0. 2 b | 1.442 ± 0.003 a |
| B7 | 18.0 ± 0.3 b | n.d. | 19.0 ± 0.2 d | n.d. | 5.27 ± 0.01 b | n.d. | 1.67 ± 0.02 g | n.d. | 16.0 ± 0.1 b | 1.43 ± 0.03 a |
| B8 | 16.36 ± 0.04 c | n.d. | 31.73 ± 0.04 a | n.d. | 2.502 ± 0.002 h | n.d. | 1.49 ± 0.01 i | n.d. | 19.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.29 ± 0.01 b |
| B9 | 20.06 ± 0.03 a | n.d. | 7.14 ± 0.04 g | n.d. | 2.38 ± 0.02 i | n.d. | 1.99 ± 0.01 d | n.d. | 9.27 ± 0.03 c | 0.90 ± 0.01 c |
| B10 | 12.1 ± 0.1 e | n.d. | 17.291 ± 0.002 f | n.d. | 3.98 ± 0.002 e | n.d. | 2.0 ± 0.1 c | n.d. | 5.17 ± 0.02 f | 1.29 ± 0.02 b |
| B11 | 10.686 ± 0.003 f | n.d. | 20.8 ± 0.1 c | n.d. | 4.13 ± 0.02 d | n.d. | 1.83 ± 0.04 f | n.d. | 5.5 ± 0.1 e | 0.84 ± 0.02 d |
| B12 | 8.3 ± 0.1 h | n.d. | 1.697 ± 0.001 h | n.d. | 1.81 ± 0.04 k | n.d. | 1.88 ± 0.04 e | n.d. | 1.89 ± 0.01 h | 0.63 ± 0.01 h |
| B13 | 9.09 ± 0.04 g | n.d. | 19.12 ± 0.01 d | n.d. | 1.974 ± 0.002 j | n.d. | 2.020 ± 0.002 cd | n.d. | 1.640 ± 0.003 i | 0.719 ± 0.002 g |
| B14 | 7.8 ± 0.3 i | n.d. | 17.5 ± 0.1 f | n.d. | 4.66 ± 0.01 c | n.d. | 2.28 ± 0.03 a | n.d. | 2.2 ± 0.1 g | 0.76 ± 0.02 f |
| B15 | n.d. | 41 ± 1 c | n.d. | 18.17 ± 0.05 e | n.d. | 2.95 ± 0.03 e | n.d. | 9.1 ± 0.5 d | n.d. | n.d. |
| B16 | n.d. | 39.7 ± 0.4 d | n.d. | 39.6 ± 0.5 a | n.d. | 5.23 ± 0.01 c | n.d. | 9.1 ± 0.3 d | n.d. | n.d. |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. n.d.: not detected. In each column, different letters correspond to significant differences (p < 0.05) between samples.