Table 2.

VPA treatment effect on thrombogenesis.

#	Thrombogenesis Related Factor	Cells/Animals/Human	Sex	VPA Treatment Effect	Ref.
1.	Complement C3	HepG2 cells	unknown	↓ C3 gene expression	[209]
2.	t-PA	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	unknown	↑ t-PA production	[210]
3.	ICAM-1 expression	Human umbilical vein ECs and human coronary artery EC	unknown	↓ ICAM-1 expression	[83]
4.	Platelets number	C57BL/6 mice	unknown	↓ platelets count	[200]
5.	Vascular t-PA	C57BL/6 mice	males	↑ endothelial vascular t-PA production; ↓ fibrin accumulation in response to vascular injury	[201]
6.	E-selectin and ICAM-1	Sprague–Dawley rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage induced vasospasm	males	↓ the E-selectin and ICAM-1 level	[211]
7.	Platelets number	Epileptic adult patients and healthy control	men and women	relationship between rising plasma VPA level and reduced platelet counts, with female sex additional risk factor	[203]
8.	Arachidonate cascade thromboxane A2 in platelets	Epileptic adult patients and healthy control	men	↓ activity of the arachidonate cascade in platelets; ↓ the cyclooxygenase pathway; ↓ synthesis thromboxane A2	[199]
9.	Von Willebrand factor:antigen	Epileptic children patients and healthy control	male + female (combined)	↓ concentration in blood serum	[205,206]
10.	Protein C	Epileptic children patients and healthy control	male + female (combined)	↓ concentration in blood serum	[205,207]
11.	Protein S	Epileptic children patients and healthy control	male + female (combined)	↓ concentration in blood serum	[207,208]
12.	Antithrombin III	Epileptic children patients and healthy control	male + female (combined)	↓ concentration in blood serum	[205,206]
13.	Prothrombin time	Epileptic children patients and healthy control	male + female (combined)	↓ concentration in blood serum	[205,206]
14.	Activated partial thromboplastin time	Epileptic children patients and healthy control	male + female (combined)	↓ concentration in blood serum	[205,206,207]

↓ decreased; ↑ increased.