Table 1.

LMW-HAs influence inflammatory marker expression.

Target Cell	LMW-HA (kDa)	Receptor	Pathways	Inflammatory Effector	References
Neutrophils
	100–200	Not determined	Not determined	NE	[76,77]
	200	Not determined	PI3K/Akt1	IL-6	[78]
	200	Not determined	PI3K/Akt1	KC	[78]
	200	Not determined	PI3K/Akt1	MMP-9	[78]
	200	Not determined	PI3K/Akt1	MPO	[78]
	200	Not determined	PI3K/Akt1	Mcl-1	[78]
Macrophages
	200	TLR2	NF-κB	MIP-1α/β	[60,79]
	80	TLR2 and TLR4	Not determined	IL-8	[74,80]
	100–150	TLR2 and TLR4	NF-κB	CXCL2	[80]
	5	TLR2 and TLR4	Not determined	TNF-α	[81,82]
	5–200	Not determined	NF-κB	NO	[81]
	Not determined	TLR2 and TLR4	Not determined	IL-1β	[81]
	60-200	Not determined	NF-κB	MMP-9	[82]
	Not determined	Not determined	Not determined	PAI-1	[83]
	Not determined	Not determined	Not determined	uPA	[83]
	80	TLR4	NF-κB	IFN-β	[84]
	100–150	CD44-TLR4	Not determined	IL-6	[85]
	100–150	CD44-TLR4	ERK1/2 and p38MAPK	MCP-1	[85]
	200	TLR4	IRF3	IFN-β	[86]
	200	cPLA2α Phosphorylation	ERK1/2, p38MAPK and JNK	COX2	[87]
	200	cPLA2α Phosphorylation	ERK1/2, p38MAPK and JNK	PGE2	[87]
	200	Not determined	NF-κB	iNOS	[88]
	200	Not determined	Not determined	MMP-12	[89]
	280	CD44	Not determined	IL-12	[90]
Dendritic Cells
	80–200	TLR4	Not determined	IL-12	[91,92]
	80–200	TLR4	Not determined	TNF-α	[91,92]
	80–200	TLR4	Not determined	IL-1β	[91,92]
Lung Epithelial Cells
	Not determined	TLR4	Not determined	IL-6	[61]
	Not determined	CD44/TLR4/MD2/ MyD88	NF-κB	MIP-2	[61]
	Not determined	CD44/TLR4/MD2/ Ras	NF-κB	MMP-13	[61]
	Not determined	CD44/TLR4/MD2/ Ras	NF-κB	TGF-β2	[61]
	200	Not determined	ERK1/2, AP-1, NF-κB and JNK	IL-8	[93,94]
	200	Not determined	NF-κB	IP-10	[93]