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. 2022 May 10;10(5):1098. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10051098

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mediators that facilitate the cell surface localization of GRP78. Under normal physiological conditions, GRP78 is retained in the ER through interactions with the KDEL sequence and the KDEL receptor. ① Under conditions of ER stress, GRP78 can escape ER retention and pass through the Golgi apparatus. ② Moreover, several proteins, including GIV, Par-4, MTJ-1, and CD44v, interact with GRP78 in the ER, which facilitates GRP78 translocation to the cell surface. ③ Alternatively, GRP78 can escape the ER with the assistance of DNAJC3 within an ER-derived vesicle and undergo endosome formation and fusion mediated by several Rab GTPases. Image generated with BioRender.