Table 1.
Urban-rural differentials observed among women with regards to quality Maternal and Newborn care as captured by NFHS-4 (2015–16).
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| STATES | QUALITY ANC | QUALITY DELIVERY CARE | QUALITY PNC | ||||||||||||
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| RURAL | URBAN | U VS R | RURAL | URBAN | U VS R | RURAL | URBAN | U VS R | |||||||
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| Andaman and Nicobar islands | 62.5 | [57.2,67.6] | 50.9 | [37.5,64.2] | –18.6 | 94.4 | [90.5,96.8] | 98.0 | [92.8,99.4] | 3.8 | 21.9 | [16.5,28.5] | 22.2 | [11.5,38.4] | 1.4 |
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| Andhra Pradesh | 43.2 | [40.2,46.3] | 45.0 | [40.7,49.5] | 4.2 | 87.7 | [85.2,89.9] | 93.8 | [91.0,95.8] | 7.0 | 26.1 | [23.5,28.9] | 30.0 | [25.4,35.1] | 14.9 |
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| Arunachal Pradesh | 8.6 | [7.2,10.3] | 11.0 | [8.3,14.5] | 27.9 | 46.2 | [42.9,49.5] | 82.1 | [77.5,85.9] | 77.7 | 7.9 | [6.5,9.7] | 5.7 | [4.0,8.1] | –27.8 |
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| Assam | 22.0 | [20.5,23.6] | 34.9 | [30.3,39.9] | 58.6 | 70.4 | [68.4,72.3] | 92.7 | [89.6,95.0] | 31.7 | 22.0 | [20.4,23.6] | 23.8 | [19.9,28.2] | 8.2 |
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| Bihar | 2.8 | [2.5,3.1] | 5.9 | [4.5,7.7] | 110.7 | 62.7 | [61.4,64.0] | 76.3 | [73.0,79.4] | 21.7 | 9.4 | [8.7,10.2] | 16.1 | [13.4,19.1] | 71.3 |
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| Chandigarh | 33.3 | [33.3,33.3] | 38.0 | [28.4,48.7] | 14.1 | 100.0 | * | 92.4 | [85.8,96.1] | –7.6 | 66.7 | [66.7,66.7] | 49.8 | [38.5,61.2] | –25.3 |
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| Chhattisgarh | 28.9 | [26.7,31.3] | 42.8 | [38.4,47.4] | 48.1 | 68.7 | [66.5,70.9] | 84.4 | [80.8,87.4] | 22.9 | 30.1 | [27.9,32.5] | 38.9 | [34.7,43.3] | 29.2 |
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| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 46.4 | [32.2,61.2] | 18.3 | [11.4,28.0] | –60.6 | 85.7 | [73.9,92.7] | 93.2 | [85.6,96.9] | 8.8 | 24.7 | [14.9,38.1] | 12.7 | [5.8,25.7] | –48.6 |
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| Daman and Diu | 40.4 | [27.6,54.6] | 32.5 | [24.6,41.7] | –19.6 | 81.9 | [69.5,90.0] | 75.5 | [67.4,82.1] | –7.8 | 23.5 | [14.9,35.2] | 15.2 | [9.4,23.6] | –35.3 |
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| Goa | 57.0 | [48.4,65.2] | 67.9 | [59.1,75.6] | 19.1 | 98.6 | [95.7,99.5] | 97.0 | [93.4,98.7] | –1.6 | 47.2 | [37.0,57.7] | 48.2 | [41.3,55.1] | 2.1 |
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| Gujarat | 31.0 | [28.8,33.3] | 46.7 | [42.1,51.4] | 50.6 | 82.0 | [79.9,83.9] | 91.9 | [89.9,93.5] | 12.1 | 13.4 | [11.7,15.4] | 14.7 | [11.4,18.6] | 9.7 |
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| Haryana | 26.4 | [24.1,28.7] | 27.3 | [24.1,30.7] | 3.4 | 82.4 | [80.7,84.0] | 80.9 | [77.7,83.8] | –1.8 | 21.3 | [19.2,23.6] | 18.6 | [15.8,21.8] | –12.7 |
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| Himachal Pradesh | 33.3 | [30.7,36.0] | 47.6 | [37.7,57.8] | 42.9 | 75.7 | [72.7,78.5] | 91.3 | [84.4,95.3] | 20.6 | 27.8 | [25.0,30.8] | 35.9 | [27.0,46.0] | 29.1 |
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| Jammu and Kashmir | 33.4 | [31.1,35.7] | 42.2 | [36.5,48.1] | 26.3 | 82.5 | [80.7,84.1] | 97.4 | [95.9,98.3] | 18.1 | 17.1 | [15.5,18.8] | 25.9 | [20.4,32.2] | 51.5 |
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| Jharkhand | 9.4 | [8.4,10.5] | 18.6 | [16.0,21.7] | 97.9 | 58.7 | [56.8,60.5] | 83.2 | [80.6,85.4] | 41.7 | 20.1 | [18.5,21.8] | 23.2 | [20.1,26.7] | 15.4 |
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| Karnataka | 35.0 | [32.1,38.0] | 34.5 | [29.6,39.8] | –1.4 | 91.2 | [89.9,92.3] | 90.8 | [87.3,93.4] | –0.4 | 21.8 | [19.7,24.0] | 20.0 | [16.2,24.4] | –8.3 |
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| Kerala | 55.5 | [51.9,59.0] | 56.7 | [52.1,61.2] | 2.2 | 100.0 | [99.9,100.0] | 99.8 | [99.1,99.9] | –0.2 | 49.8 | [45.7,54.0] | 47.4 | [42.8,51.9] | –4.8 |
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| Lakshadweep | 61.8 | [40.6,79.2] | 63.5 | [54.9,71.4] | 2.8 | 94.6 | [69.6,99.3] | 100.0 | 5.7 | 60.6 | [54.5,66.3] | 56.2 | [48.5,63.5] | –7.3 | |
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| Madhya Pradesh | 10.7 | [9.9,11.5] | 23.1 | [20.7,25.8] | 115.9 | 72.5 | [71.2,73.7] | 89.9 | [88.2,91.3] | 24.0 | 15.6 | [14.5,16.6] | 18.2 | [16.4,20.2] | 16.7 |
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| Maharashtra | 31.2 | [29.0,33.4] | 35.7 | [31.5,40.1] | 14.4 | 84.7 | [82.7,86.5] | 93.8 | [92.2,95.1] | 10.7 | 29.2 | [27.2,31.3] | 28.4 | [24.5,32.6] | –2.7 |
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| Manipur | 22.1 | [19.6,24.7] | 32.1 | [27.7,36.8] | 45.2 | 64.3 | [61.3,67.1] | 87.3 | [84.5,89.7] | 35.8 | 8.3 | [6.7,10.3] | 14.3 | [11.5,17.7] | 72.3 |
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| Meghalaya | 19.3 | [16.8,22.1] | 35.3 | [29.2,41.9] | 82.9 | 48.6 | [44.5,52.7] | 89.7 | [85.7,92.6] | 84.6 | 7.3 | [5.8,9.1] | 14.5 | [9.9,20.8] | 98.6 |
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| Mizoram | 18.8 | [15.6,22.4] | 36.1 | [32.4,39.9] | 92.0 | 62.8 | [58.0,67.4] | 98.0 | [97.1,98.6] | 56.1 | 6.8 | [4.8,9.6] | 12.6 | [9.9,16.0] | 85.3 |
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| Nagaland | 1.4 | [1.0,2.1] | 4.9 | [3.6,6.6] | 250.0 | 26.5 | [23.9,29.3] | 56.8 | [52.3,61.1] | 114.3 | 1.2 | [0.8,1.8] | 2.1 | [1.1,4.0] | 75.0 |
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| Delhi | 29.7 | [22.6,38.0] | 32.8 | [29.0,36.7] | 10.4 | 80.2 | [57.4,92.4] | 85.8 | [82.5,88.5] | 7.0 | 19.8 | [7.6,42.6] | 20.1 | [15.6,25.6] | 1.5 |
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| Odisha | 26.8 | [25.4,28.3] | 32.6 | [28.6,36.8] | 21.6 | 83.6 | [82.2,84.8] | 88.2 | [81.1,92.8] | 5.5 | 29.0 | [27.5,30.6] | 23.7 | [20.2,27.5] | –18.3 |
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| Puducherry | 46.4 | [36.8,56.3] | 65.5 | [55.8,74.1] | 41.2 | 100.0 | 99.8 | [99.2,100.0] | –0.2 | 36.8 | [28.7,45.8] | 32.1 | [22.6,43.4] | –12.8 | |
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| Punjab | 37.5 | [34.5,40.6] | 40.5 | [36.5,44.6] | 8.0 | 92.0 | [90.5,93.3] | 89.8 | [85.5,93.0] | –2.4 | 45.8 | [42.7,49.0] | 44.7 | [39.9,49.6] | –2.4 |
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| Rajasthan | 15.2 | [14.1,16.4] | 28.2 | [25.7,30.7] | 85.5 | 83.3 | [82.1,84.5] | 91.2 | [89.7,92.5] | 9.5 | 21.2 | [19.8,22.7] | 23.7 | [21.2,26.5] | 11.8 |
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| Sikkim | 52.9 | [48.2,57.6] | 57.3 | [49.7,64.6] | 8.3 | 94.8 | [92.2,96.6] | 95.4 | [91.3,97.6] | 0.6 | 13.5 | [9.7,18.4] | 9.5 | [5.5,15.7] | –29.6 |
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| Tamil Nadu | 40.9 | [38.2,43.6] | 42.9 | [39.5,46.3] | 4.9 | 98.7 | [97.8,99.2] | 99.1 | [98.6,99.5] | 0.4 | 32.5 | [30.1,35.0] | 31.8 | [29.1,34.6] | –2.2 |
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| Tripura | 17.0 | [13.9,20.7] | 27.4 | [21.2,34.7] | 61.2 | 78.6 | [75.1,81.8] | 93.1 | [87.7,96.2] | 18.4 | 8.6 | [6.2,11.6] | 6.9 | [3.8,12.1] | –19.8 |
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| Uttar Pradesh | 4.6 | [4.3,5.0] | 16.8 | [15.4,18.3] | 265.2 | 66.9 | [65.9,67.8] | 73.1 | [71.3,74.7] | 9.3 | 21.5 | [20.6,22.4] | 31.6 | [29.6,33.8] | 47.0 |
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| Uttarakhand | 9.2 | [7.9,10.7] | 16.1 | [13.1,19.7] | 75.0 | 64.7 | [62.1,67.3] | 79.8 | [76.0,83.1] | 23.3 | 15.8 | [13.9,17.8] | 22.9 | [18.9,27.4] | 44.9 |
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| West Bengal | 28.4 | [26.1,30.9] | 32.4 | [28.3,36.9] | 14.1 | 73.5 | [70.8,76.0] | 85.0 | [79.7,89.1] | 15.6 | 25.1 | [23.0,27.3] | 25.3 | [21.5,29.5] | 0.8 |
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| Telangana | 37.9 | [34.5,41.4] | 42.7 | [37.1,48.6] | 12.7 | 84.8 | [82.2,87.0] | 93.8 | [91.5,95.6] | 10.6 | 27.7 | [24.5,31.0] | 21.2 | [16.9,26.3] | –23.5 |
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| Total | 19.5 | [19.1,19.9] | 32.9 | [31.9,33.9] | 68.7 | 75.2 | [74.8,75.6] | 88.5 | [87.9,89.1] | 17.7 | 21.8 | [21.4,22.2] | 26.1 | [25.2,27.0] | 19.7 |
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* Small sample size obtained from Chandigarh (n = 6).