Table 2.

Socioeconomic differentials observed among women with regards to quality ANC accessed as captured by NFHS-4 (2015–16).

BACKGROUND VARIABLES	NO ANC		INADEQUATE ANC		ADEQUATE ANC
	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI
Mother’s age at child birth	χ2 = 138.1; p = <0.01
less than 19 (n = 13,849)	15.4	[14.6,16.3]	62.1	[60.8,63.3]	22.5	[21.4,23.6]
20–24 (n = 75,353)	15.1	[14.7,15.5]	60.4	[59.7,61.0]	24.6	[24.0,25.2]
25–29 (n = 62,536)	17.5	[17.1,18.0]	58.2	[57.6,58.9]	24.3	[23.7,24.8]
30–34 (n = 26,772)	22.0	[21.2,22.7]	55.9	[54.9,56.8]	22.2	[21.3,23.1]
35–39 (n = 9,412)	30.2	[28.8,31.6]	53.8	[52.2,55.4]	15.9	[14.7,17.2]
40–49 (n = 2,976)	44.6	[42.1,47.1]	44.9	[42.5,47.4]	10.5	[8.9,12.3]
Women’s education	χ2 = 902.3; p = <0.01
no schooling (n = 55,460)	34.8	[34.2,35.4]	55.3	[54.7,55.9]	9.9	[9.5,10.3]
less than 5 years (n = 11,701)	19.4	[18.4,20.5]	62.5	[61.1,63.9]	18.1	[16.9,19.3]
5–7 (n = 29,971)	14.6	[14.0,15.2]	63.1	[62.2,64.0]	22.3	[21.5,23.2]
8–9 (n = 34,576)	12.7	[12.1,13.2]	62.3	[61.4,63.2]	25	[24.2,25.9]
10–11 (n = 22,124)	8.9	[8.3,9.5]	58.4	[57.3,59.5]	32.7	[31.7,33.8]
12 or more years (n = 37,066)	6.4	[6.0,6.8]	56.6	[55.7,57.4]	37	[36.2,37.9]
Parity	χ2 = 1002.6; p = <0.01
1 (n = 61,807)	10.6	[10.2,10.9]	59.3	[58.6,60.0]	30.1	[29.5,30.8]
2 to 3 (n = 95,548)	16.7	[16.3,17.1]	59.6	[59.1,60.2]	23.7	[23.2,24.2]
4 to 5 (n = 24,879)	33.1	[32.3,34.0]	57.1	[56.2,58.0]	9.7	[9.1,10.3]
6 or more (n = 8,664)	47.3	[45.9,48.8]	48.5	[47.0,49.9]	4.2	[3.6,4.9]
Economic Status	χ2 = 1131.5; p = <0.01
Poorest (n = 46,782)	37.7	[37.0,38.5]	54.4	[53.6,55.1]	7.9	[7.5,8.3]
Poorer (n = 43,739)	19.5	[18.9,20.1]	63.2	[62.5,64.0]	17.3	[16.7,17.9]
Middle (n = 38,393)	11.9	[11.4,12.4]	61.9	[61.1,62.7]	26.2	[25.4,27.0]
Richer (n = 33,212)	8.2	[7.7,8.7]	59.8	[58.8,60.8]	32	[31.0,33.0]
Richest (n = 28,772)	5.1	[4.6,5.7]	54.5	[53.4,55.6]	40.4	[39.3,41.5]
Religion	χ2 = 48.7; p = <0.01
Hindu (n = 138,343)	17.6	[17.3,18.0]	58.9	[58.4,59.4]	23.5	[23.1,23.9]
Muslim (n = 29,309)	20.3	[19.4,21.3]	58.8	[57.7,59.9]	20.9	[19.9,21.9]
Others (n = 23,246)	10.9	[9.8,12.0]	57.3	[55.6,59.1]	31.8	[30.1,33.5]
Caste	χ2 = 66.4; p = <0.01
Others (n = 34,705)	12	[11.4,12.6]	58.9	[57.9,59.8]	29.1	[28.2,30.1]
SC (n = 35,170)	19.3	[18.6,19.9]	59.1	[58.2,60.0]	21.6	[20.8,22.5]
ST (n = 37,889)	21.6	[20.7,22.6]	59.4	[58.3,60.5]	19	[18.1,19.9]
OBC (n = 74,060)	19	[18.5,19.4]	58.1	[57.5,58.6]	23	[22.5,23.5]
Place of residence	χ2 = 596.9; p = <0.01
Rural (n = 143,065)	21.1	[20.8,21.5]	59.3	[58.9,59.8]	19.5	[19.1,19.9]
Urban (n = 47,833)	9.6	[9.0,10.2]	57.5	[56.5,58.5]	32.9	[31.9,33.9]
Region	χ2 = 500.2; p = <0.01
South (n = 19,907)	5.8	[5.2,6.5]	52.2	[51.0,53.4]	42	[40.8,43.2]
North (n = 36,079)	13.1	[12.4,13.8]	61.6	[60.8,62.5]	25.3	[24.5,26.1]
Central (n = 52,952)	23.4	[22.8,24.0]	65.3	[64.7,65.9]	11.3	[10.9,11.8]
East (n = 39,243)	27.7	[26.9,28.4]	56.8	[56.0,57.7]	15.5	[14.8,16.2]
Northeast (n = 28,825)	14	[13.0,15.0]	63.6	[62.4,64.7]	22.5	[21.4,23.6]
West (n = 13,892)	10	[9.2,10.9]	55	[53.3,56.8]	35	[33.3,36.7]
High focus states of India	χ2 = 2579.0; p = <0.01
Non-High focus states (n = 78,380)	8.5	[8.0,8.9]	55.3	[54.5,56.1]	36.2	[35.4,37.0]
High focus states (n = 112,518)	26	[25.6,26.4]	61.9	[61.5,62.4]	12.1	[11.8,12.4]
At least 4 ANC visits	χ2 = 139.4; p = 0.000
Less than 4 (n = 101,460)	36.3	[35.7,36.9]	63.7	[63.1,64.3]	0
Four or more (n = 89,438)	0		54.1	[53.5,54.8]	45.9	[45.2,46.5]
Intake of IFA 100+	χ2 = 4016.9; p = <0.01
No (n = 138,082)	22.9	[22.5,23.3]	64.2	[63.7,64.6]	13	[12.6,13.3]
Yes (n = 52,816)	5.9	[5.5,6.3]	46.4	[45.7,47.2]	47.7	[46.9,48.5]
Place of delivery	χ2 = 381.1; p = <0.01
Respondent’s home (n = 37,758)	41.8	[40.9,42.7]	51.5	[50.7,52.4]	6.7	[6.2,7.2]
Other’s home (n = 381)	35.1	[28.0,43.0]	52.2	[44.5,59.8]	12.7	[8.5,18.6]
Parents’ home (n = 4,013)	35	[32.8,37.2]	53.6	[51.4,55.9]	11.4	[9.9,13.2]
Public: govt./munic. hospital (n = 47,772)	11.1	[10.6,11.6]	60.1	[59.2,61.0]	28.8	[28.0,29.6]
Public: govt. dispensary (n = 3,152)	14.8	[13.0,16.8]	62.6	[60.0,65.2]	22.5	[20.3,24.9]
Public: UHC/UHP/UFWC(n = 2,919)	17.6	[15.6,19.9]	54.4	[51.8,57.0]	27.9	[25.5,30.6]
Public: CHC/rural hospital/block PHC (n = 35,265)	18.8	[18.2,19.5]	65.3	[64.5,66.0]	15.9	[15.3,16.5]
Public: phc/additional PHC(n = 13,896)	16.5	[15.5,17.5]	62.2	[60.9,63.6]	21.3	[20.2,22.4]
Public: sub-centre (n = 2,373)	15.7	[13.7,17.9]	65.2	[62.1,68.1]	19.2	[16.5,22.1]
Other public sector health facility (n = 238)	6.6	[3.8,11.1]	63.3	[54.2,71.5]	30.1	[22.5,39.0]
Private: hospital/maternity home/clinic (n = 40,701)	7.9	[7.5,8.4]	57.4	[56.7,58.2]	34.7	[33.9,35.5]
Other private sector health facility (n = 942)	14.4	[11.6,17.7]	64.7	[60.3,68.8]	20.9	[17.5,24.8]
NGO or Trust hospital/clinic (n = 927)	6.6	[4.7,9.2]	52.7	[47.4,58.0]	40.7	[35.2,46.3]
other (n = 460)	22.5	[17.7,28.2]	58.4	[51.9,64.6]	19.1	[14.1,25.2]
Skilled PNC on day 1	χ2 = 1262.8; p = <0.01
No skilled PNC on day 1 (n = 150,400)	21.2	[20.8,21.6]	58.6	[58.1,59.1]	20.2	[19.8,20.6]
Skilled PNC on day 1 (n = 40,498)	6	[5.7,6.4]	59.4	[58.6,60.3]	34.5	[33.7,35.4]