Table 2.

Summary table of the impacts on mammal cells of bulk US at frequencies from 10 to 1000 MHz. (↗: increase in, ↘: decrease in, N.A.: not available, *: extrapolation based on the hypothesis that the electrode impedance is at 50 Ω).

Reference	Frequency (MHz)	Voltage, Intensity or Electrical Power	Duty Cycle (%)	Pulse Time (s)	Dose (J cm−2)	Cells (Adherent)	Temperature Control	Biological Effects	Hypothesis
[38]	15 + LED	47.9, 82.15, 128.11 mW cm−2	100	1800 (daily)	126,000– 230,600	Human cervix carcinoma cells (HeLa)	None	↘ proliferation	N.A.
[39]	200	16, 32, 47 V 110, 230, 330 mW *	2.5	10	N.A.	Human breast cells (MCF-12F) Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435)	Thermally controlled chamber	↗ cell permeability higher in non-cancerous cells	N.A.
[40]	200–1000	4, 8, 16, 32 V 30, 60, 110, 230 mW *	0.0025–1	0.3–150	N.A.	Highly invasive human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) Weakly invasive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, SKBR3, and BT-474)	None	↗ Ca2+ influx as a function of invasiveness	N.A.
[41]	193	1.8–3.6 MPa	0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1	0.5	N.A.	Endothelial cells (HUVEC)	Thermally controlled chamber	↗ Ca2+ influx	N.A.
[42]	43	50,000, 90,000 mW cm−2 3.2, 5.7 mW focused on 1 cell	100	0.7	35, 63	Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) expressing rat Nav1.2 or mouse piezo 1 channels Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) expressing mouse piezo 1 channels	Estimated rise of 0.8 °C	Stimulation of the Nav1.2 and piezo channels	US through acoustic radiation and shear stimulate the piezo channel Thermal heating stimulates the Nav1.2 channel
[5]	50	0.43–1.97 MPa	33	3.3	N.A.	Human breast cells (MCF-10A) MDA-MB-231 MCF-7	Rise ≤ 0.5 °C	↗ Ca2+ influx, as a function of invasiveness	US stimulate the piezo channel
[6]	150, 215	22–43 V 160–300 mW *	100	0.016, 0.023	N.A.	HeLa	None	Size and amount of transfected elements depend on the voltage, duration, frequency and number of US pulsation. No impact on viability	N.A.
[43]	150, 215	22 V 160 mW *	0.0036	0.5–1.5	N.A.	HeLa	None	Genomic transfection facilitated by US	N.A.