Figure 5.

cGAS-STING signaling pathway is activated by both Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Mn²⁺ is required for efficient DNA sensing, cGAMP synthesis and cGAMP-STING complex formation [63], whereas Zn²⁺ is required for cGAMP folding and liquid-phase separation of cGAMP-DNA complexes [172,173,174]. Mn²⁺ potentiates cGAS-STING anti-tumor response, stimulating dendritic cell and macrophage maturation, NK cell activation, antigen presentation and CD8 cell differentiation [44]. As a result, Mn²⁺ enhances efficiency of therapeutic antibodies [170].