Table 2.

Pivotal findings of Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ roles in cancer physiology in vivo.

Main Finding	Reference
Certain cancers exhibit coordinated changes in Zn2+ and Mn2+ carriers	[40,43]
High levels of Mn in cancers are associated with poor survival and low radiosensitivity of tumors, such as for melanoma and glioblastoma	[38]
Preclinical models support application of Zn2+ ionophore clioquinol in combination with dopamine agonist for prostate cancer treatment	[41,125]
Mn2+ boosts innate and adaptive anti-cancer immune response and boosts PD-1 immunotherapy	[44]
Therapeutic activity of YM101 and Mn2+ was demonstrated using mice models of hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, colon cancer and breast cancers	[170]
Zn2+ enhances temozolomide efficiency in glioblastoma xenograft model	[46]