Figure 3.

Strategies to overcome multidrug resistance by the use of nanoparticles. Common mechanisms of resistance include (i) an increased exit of the drug via specific pumps and (ii) primary or acquired inability of the drug to induce cytotoxicity due to altered signaling pathways. The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs can be restored by delivering different classes of active compounds in order to (i) inhibit the synthesis and/or the activity of an efflux pump and (ii) simultaneously block different intracell pathways, respectively. Created with BioRender.com.