Table 1.

Examples of strategies adopted to optimize drug loading, release, uptake, and delivery.

Carrier	Drug	Strategy	Achievement	Optimized Step	Ref.
Liposome	Doxorubicin + simvastatin	Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions	Coencapsulation of drugs with opposite solubility	Loading	[11]
Double-emulsion nanoparticle	Doxorubicin + erlotinib	Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic portions	Coencapsulation of drugs with opposite solubility	Loading	[12]
Liposome	Doxorubicin	Different lipid composition and internal pH	Slow, medium, or fast drug release	Release	[13]
Lipid nanoparticle	Doxorubicin	Shell with different thickness	Slow, tunable (thickness) release	Release	[14]
Polymeric nanomicelle	Doxorubicin	Hydrophobic and cationic portions	Slow, sustained release	Release	[15]
Calcium carbonate microcapsule	Doxorubicin	Alternate layers of polyanions and polycations	Slow, tunable release	Release	[16]
Polymeric nanomicelle	Camptothecin	Different backbone length	Fast/high or slow/low uptake	Uptake	[17]
Amphiphilic nanoparticle	Doxorubicin	Redox/pH-responsive	Activable intracellular unloading	Delivery	[18]
Vitamicelle	Doxorubicin	Redox/pH-responsive	Activable intracellular unloading	Delivery	[19]
Lipid nanomicelle	Doxorubicin	Artificial cytosol	Favored intracellular unloading	Delivery	[20]