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. 2022 Apr 22;12(5):536. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12050536

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The role of the immune system in the development of PD. The top-left panel shows the adaptive immune system in promoting a pro-inflammatory state. The middle-left panel is the anti-inflammatory reaction to temper down the first reaction. The bottom-left panel shows the activation of adapting immune cells from SARS-CoV-2 hyper-inflammation. The top-, middle-, and bottom-right panels show the immunological consequences of the appropriate and inappropriate reactions of the immune system cells, respectively (dark-colored dots represent aggregated αSYN).