Table 3.

Immunomodulatory effects of tulsi basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) extracts in the laboratory in human clinical trials.

Paper	Type of Study and Level of Evidence	Compound/Extract	Sample	Posology/Treatment	Main Results
Prasad [28]	Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (level 1)	Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) ethanolic extract (0.5%) of leaves	Healthy adults (30) aged 18–30 years	1000 mg/day for 2 weeks	Increased physical activity, while lowering increments of lactic acid. Decreased fatigue and CK levels.
Mondal et al. [38]	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover (level 1)	Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) ethanolic extract of leaves	Healthy adults (22) aged 22–37 years	300 mg/day for 4 weeks	Increase in cytokine levels, especially (interferon-ϒ and interleukin-4).
Sharma [39]	Open clinical trial (level 1)	Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) aqueous extract of leaves tablets	Adults with asthma (20)	500 mg × 3/day for a week	Within 3 days of relaxation, showed better vital capacity.
Rajalakshmi et al. [40]	Clinical trial (level 1)	Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) aqueous extract of fresh leaves	Adults with viral hepatitis (20) aged 10–60 years	10 g/day, for 2–3 weeks, depending on the severity of the case	Enhancement of all symptoms within 2 weeks.
Das et al. [41]	Randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial (level 1)	Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) aqueous extract of fresh leaves	Adults with viral encephalitis (14)	2.5 g × 4/day for 4 weeks	In comparison with steroids, the survival rate was boosted when the examined extract was applied.