Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| N = 365 | Open (n = 61) |
Laparoscopic (n = 185) |
Robotic (n = 119) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 69.7 ± 9.4 | 67.6 ± 9.6 | 68.5 ± 9.1 | 0.295 |
| Sex, male, % (n) | 67.2% (41) | 70.8% (131) | 71.4% (85) | 0.830 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.2 | 25.2 ± 3.8 | 0.171 |
| F/U duration, months | 32.4 ± 16.4 | 29.92 ± 15.3 | 22.0 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Year of surgery, % (n) | <0.001 | |||
| 2017 | 27.8% (27) | 62.9% (61) | 9.3% (9) | |
| 2018 | 9.4% (10) | 61.3% (65) | 29.2% (31) | |
| 2019 | 17.1% (13) | 42.1% (32) | 40.8% (31) | |
| 2020 | 12.8% (11) | 31.4% (27) | 55.8% (48) | |
| CCI, grade ≥ 3, % (n) | 59.0% (36) | 64.9% (120) | 58.0% (69) | 0.435 |
| Tumor location, % (n) | 0.863 | |||
| Ureter | 52.5% (32) | 49.7% (92) | 45.4% (54) | |
| Renal pelvis | 41.0% (25) | 42.2% (78) | 44.5% (53) | |
| Both | 6.6% (4) | 8.1% (15) | 10.1% (12) | |
| Multifocality, % (n) | 8.2% (5) | 17.8% (33) | 20.2% (24) | 0.117 |
| Tumor size, cm | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 0.047 |
| pT stage, pTa, % (n) | 9.8% (6) | 11.4% (21) | 8.4% (10) | 0.742 |
| pT1 | 37.7% (23) | 36.8% (68) | 31.9% (38) | |
| pT2 | 19.7% (12) | 18.4% (34) | 13.4% (16) | |
| pT3-4 | 32.8% (20) | 32.4% (60) | 44.5% (53) | |
| pTis | 0 | 1.1% (2) | 1.7% (2) | |
| pN stage, pN0, % (n) | 19.7% (12) | 22.7% (42) | 23.5% (28) | 0.977 |
| pN+ | 8.2% (5) | 8.6% (16) | 7.6% (9) | |
| pNx | 72.1% (44) | 68.6% (127) | 68.9% (82) | |
| Tumor grade, I, % (n) | 3.3% (2) | 4.3% (8) | 3.4% (4) | 0.222 |
| II | 49.2% (30) | 52.4% (97) | 39.5% (47) | |
| III | 47.5% (29) | 43.2% (80) | 57.1% (68) | |
| Positive surgical margin, % (n) | 3.3% (2) | 4.9% (9) | 1.7% (2) | 0.340 |
| Concomitant CIS, % (n) | 4.9% (3) | 8.6% (16) | 9.2% (11) | 0.579 |
| LVI, % (n) | 11.5% (7) | 15.7% (29) | 21.8% (26) | 0.171 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy, % (n) | 19.7% (12) | 22.2% (41) | 31.1% (37) | 0.129 |
BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CIS, carcinoma in situ; F/U, follow-up; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; pN, pathologic node; pT, pathologic tumor.