Table 3.
Association between cognitive outcomes and demographic and clinical characteristics using simple linear regression for each outcome.
| Global Executive Composite, n = 100 β-Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) |
Neurocognitive Index, n = 79 β-Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 0.42 (−0.17, 1.00) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.05) |
| Male sex | 3.21 (−1.74, 8.17) | −0.29 (−0.75, 0.17) |
| White race | 2.89 (−2.49, 8.27) | −0.24 (−0.77, 0.31 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | −5.62 (−14.21, 2.97) | 0.23 (−0.63, 1.09) |
| Medicaid insurance | 1.93 (−3.06, 6.92) | −0.76 (−1.19, −0.33) * |
| Pre-injury chronic condition, any | 6.85 (1.44, 12.26) * | −0.53 (−1.00, −0.07) * |
| Medical | −3.79 (−12.42, 4.84) | −0.46 (−1.17, 0.25) |
| Psychiatric | 11.12 (3.17, 19.08) * | −0.52 (−1.20, 0.15) |
| Neurodevelopmental | 13.38 (7.17, 19.58) * | −0.81 (−1.32, −0.30) * |
| Word reading (baseline estimate, log score) | −23.2 (−66.61, 20.21 | 8.27 (5.81, 10.73) * |
| Critical care intervention, any | 1.97 (−2.98, 6.93) | 0.04 (−0.42, 0.49) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 3.80 (−1.61, 9.21) | 0.17 (−0.31, 0.65) |
| Any seizure | 0.93 (−8.21, 10.07) | −0.11 (−0.68, 0.46) |
| Length of stay (LN days) | ||
| Critical care | 0.61 (−3.14, 4.36) | 0.20 (−0.15, 0.54) |
| Hospital | 1.07 (−1.14, 3.29) | −0.18 (−0.39, 0.03) |
| Inpatient rehabilitation discharge | 2.60 (−7.83, 13.03) | −0.33 (−1.19, 0.53) |
| Time from discharge to follow-up, days | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | 0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Functional Status Scale, any worsening | −0.19 (−6.43, 6.06) | −0.07 (−0.63, 0.49) |
| Injury severity by Glasgow Coma Scale | ||
| Mild (13–15) | Reference | Reference |
| Mild complicated (13–15, +imaging) | 0.04 (−5.46, 5.55) | −0.01 (−0.54, 0.52) |
| Moderate (9–12) | 0.23 (−9.23, 9.69) | −0.33 (−1.23, 0.57) |
| Severe (3–8) | 6.51 (−2.49, 15.51) | −0.16 (−0.87, 0.54) |
| Injury Severity Scale scores | ||
| Lowest quartile | Reference | Reference |
| Middle quartiles | 3.25 (−4.42, 10.91) | −0.74 (−1.33, −0.15) * |
| Highest quartile | 7.05 (−1.59, 15.67) | −0.73 (−1.40, −0.05) * |
| Abbreviated Injury Scale (0–2 reference) | ||
| Head ≥ 3–5 | 2.44 (−2.55, 7.42) | −0.25 (−0.70, 0.21) |
| Chest ≥ 3–5 | 1.37 (−5.77, 8.51) | −0.34 (−1.00, 0.31) |
| Abdomen pelvis ≥ 3–5 | 4.41 (−3.46, 12.29) | 0.01 (−0.74, 0.77) |
| Extremity ≥ 3–5 | −1.91 (−9.27, 5.45) | −0.16 (−0.82, 0.50) |
| Mechanism of injury | ||
| Fall | Reference | Reference |
| Motor vehicle accident | 6.94 (−0.01, 13.88) | 0.11 (−0.53, 0.75) |
| Auto-pedestrian/bike | 7.49 (−1.22, 16.21) | −0.48 (−1.29, 0.34) |
| Bicycle, skateboard, scooter | 1.41 (−6.41, 9.24) | 0.52 (−0.19, 1.24) |
| All terrain vehicle | 0.16 (−9.46, 9.78) | 0.03 (−0.82, 0.87) |
| Other | 5.74 (−2.97, 14.46) | 0.61 (−0.21, 1.42) |
| Abusive injury suspected or confirmed | 5.21 (−1.98, 12.40) | 0.40 (−0.61, 1.42) |
| Headaches more than weekly frequency | 0.79 (−5.53, 7.10) | −0.81 (−1.32, −0.30) * |
| New psychological diagnosis | 3.38 (−2.10, 8.86) | −0.20 (−0.76, 0.35) |
| Sleep disturbance present | 9.38 (4.36, 14.40) * | −0.44 (−0.91, −0.03) * |
* p < 0.05.