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. 2022 May 12;11(10):1625. doi: 10.3390/cells11101625

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Th1 cell-mediated immune responses in cGN. Th1 cells and monocytes are recruited to the kidney via chemokines expressed by intrinsic renal cells. Professional and non-professional APCs express MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules leading to antigen presentation and subsequent CD4+ T-cell activation. APC-derived IL-12 and IL-18 induce and reinforce Th1 cells resulting in enhanced expression of IFNγ and IL-2. IFNγ, produced by Th1 cells but also intrinsic cells, drives renal recruitment of macrophages and promotes differentiation of monocytes into inflammatory M1 macrophages. Macrophages produce IL-1β, thereby inducing TNFα expression by intrinsic cells and further mediating tissue damage and crescent formation through expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and iNOS. Th1 cell-derived cytokines facilitate IgG class switching in B cells and inhibit Th2 responses. Figure has been created with BioRender.com (accessed on 23 March 2022).