Table 5.
Immunomodulators approved or in clinical development for treatment of cGN.
| Biological | Disease | Approved/Clinical Development | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Secukinumab (anti-IL-17A) | LN | Phase III clinical trial | [159] |
| Ustekinumab (anti-IL-12/IL-23-p40) | Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease SLE |
Approved Phase II clinical trial |
[162] |
| Belimumab (anti-BAFF) | SLE | Approved | [164] |
| Belimumab + rituximab (anti-CD20) |
LN | Approved | [165,166] |
| Avacopan (C5a receptor antagonist) |
ANCA-associated GN AAV, in combination with rituximab or cyclophosphamide |
Pre-clinical development Approved |
[167] |
| Low-dose IL-2 | SLE, LN | Clinical development | [172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180] |