Table 2.
Quantitative overview of the demographic data from the studies describing the aetiology windswept deformity *.
| Author | Country of Study | WSD Cases | Male | Female | Suggested Aetiology or Hypothesis | Ethnicity | Onset Age (Months) | Onset Valgus | Onset Varus | Valgus Right | Valgus Left |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akpede et al. [5] | Nigeria | 2 | - | - | Biochemical rickets | African | - | - | - | - | - |
| Al Kaissi et al. [49] | Austria | 1 | 1 | 0 | Schwarz-Jampel Syndrome (SJS) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Al Kaissi et al. [19] | Austria | 7 | 7 | 0 | X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets | - | 14–18 | - | - | - | - |
| Bar-On et al. [20] | Israel | 1 | 1 | 0 | Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Bar-On et al. [14] | Israel | 1 | 0 | 1 | Congenital insensitivity to pain (trauma) | Middle-East | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Bharani et al. [21] | India | 2 | 2 | 0 | Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) | Asian | 36 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Bhimma et al. [22] | South Africa | 3 | - | - | Vitamin D and/or Ca deficiency rickets | African | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dudkiewicz et al. [23] | Israel | 1 | 1 | 0 | Hypophosphataemic rickets | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Eralp et al. [24] | Turkey | 2 | 1 | 1 | Vitamin D-resistant rickets | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Gigante et al. [25] | Italy | 1 | 1 | 0 | Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ikegawa [27] | Japan | 1 | 1 | 0 | Pseudoachondroplasia | Asian | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Kenis et al. [30] | Austria | 1 | 1 | 0 | Dysspondyloenchondromatosis (DSC) | Caucasian | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Kim et al. [31] | Korea | 2 | 2 | 0 | Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) | Asian | - | - | - | - | - |
| McKeand et al. [32] | USA | 11 | - | - | Pseudoachondroplasia | Caucasian | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nayak et al. [34] | India | 1 | 1 | 0 | Rickets (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) | - | 36 | - | - | - | - |
| Nishimura et al. [35] | Germany | 1 | 0 | 1 | Parastremmatic dysplasia (with TRPV4 mutation) | African | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Oginni et al. [37] | Nigeria | 9 | - | - | Ca deficiency rickets | African | - | - | - | - | - |
| Oni and Keswani [38] | Nigeria | 8 | 3 | 5 | Similar to Blount mechanical pressure + illness | African | 6–24 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Oyemade [1] | Nigeria | 28 | 18 | 10 | Rickets (12) or non-rachitic (15) (3 hypotheses: weight-bearing, dietetic, genetic) | African | 12–108 | - | - | - | - |
| Paruk et al. [39] | South Africa | 1 | 1 | 0 | Primary hyperparathyroidism | African | 150 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Pettifor et al. [41] | South Africa | 1 | 0 | 1 | Ca deficiency rickets | African | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Prakash et al. [42] | India | 5 | - | - | Nutritional rickets | Asian | 48–120 | - | - | - | - |
| Prentice et al. [43] | Gambia | 1 | - | - | Ca deficiency rickets | African | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shehzad and Shaheen [44] | Pakistan | 1 | 0 | 1 | Rickets (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) | Asian | 60 | - | - | - | - |
| Simsek-Kiper et al. [45] | Turkey | 1 | 1 | 0 | Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Faden-Alkuraya type (SEMDFA) | Caucasian | 36–48 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Smyth [4] | Nigeria | 3 | 2 | 1 | Period of epiphyseal instability + stress factor, geographical genetics | African | 24–54 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Solagberu [12] | Nigeria | 10 | - | - | Compensation for 1 diseased bone | African | 24–60 | - | - | - | - |
| Thacher et al. [47] | Nigeria/South Africa | 2 | 1 | 1 | Ichthyosis with rickets | African | - | - | - | - | - |
| Thacher et al. [8] | Nigeria | 39 | - | - | Rickets | African | - | - | - | - | - |
| Vatanavicharn et al. [48] | USA | 1 | 0 | 1 | Pseudoachondroplasia | Caucasian | 60 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Weiner et al. [49] | USA | 35 | - | - | Pseudoachondroplasia | Caucasian | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Yilmaz et al. [50] | Croatia | 1 | 0 | 1 | Metaphyseal dysplasia | Caucasian | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Total | 184 | 45 | 24 | African n = 108 Asian n = 11 Caucasian n = 50 Middle-east n = 1 Missing ethnicity n = 14 |
5 | 2 | 14 | 8 |
* All literature reviews and other overlapping study populations were excluded from this quantitative overview.