Table 3. Descriptive and inferential statistics for the males and females in the mTBI (8-years post-injury) and comparison groups for the outcome measures.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for males and females in the mTBI group 8 years post-injury and a TBI-free comparison group for measures of symptom and symptom burden and functional outcomes. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to explore differences by group and gender.
| mTBI at 8 years M (SD) n = 151 | Comparison M (SD) n = 151 | Two way ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males (n = 77) | Females (n = 74) | Males (n = 74) | Females (n = 77) | Group (F, sig, partial eta square) | Sex (F, sig, partial eta square) | Group x Sex (F, sig, partial eta square) | |
| Post-Concussion Symptoms (RPQ) (df = 1, 298) | |||||||
| Total | 14.00 (12.92) | 20.54 (16.49) | 7.97 (10.28) | 11.15 (11.18) | 26.84, p<.01, ηp2 = .08** | 10.68, p<.01, ηp2 = .04** | 1.27, p = .26, ηp2<.01 |
| Cognitive | 3.53 (3.52) | 4.53 (3.90) | 1.58 (2.90) | 1.96 (2.972) | 35.56, p<.01, ηp2 = .11** | 3.29, p = .07, ηp2 = .01 | 0.66, p = .42, ηp2<.01 |
| Somatic | 4.53 (4.80) | 7.76 (6.83) | 3.99 (5.17) | 6.48 (6.65) | 1.80, p = .318, ηp2<.01 | 17.71, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 0.29, p = .59, ηp2<.01 |
| Emotional | 3.83 (4.13) | 4.93 (4.41) | 2.741 (3.50) | 2.71 (3.12) | 17.18, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 2.857, p = .11, ηp2<.01 | 0.81, p = .3, ηp2<.01 |
| Mood (HADS and PCL) (df = 1, 298) | |||||||
| Depression | 4.00 (3.90) | 4.68 (4.15) | 3.50 (3.88) | 3.29 (3.34 | 4.31, p = .04, ηp2 = .01* | 0.32, p = .57, ηp2<.01 | 1.11, p = .29, ηp2<.01 |
| Anxiety | 4.58 (3.67) | 6.04 (4.40) | 4.84 (3.983) | 5.743 (4.02) | 0.15, p = .70, ηp2<.01 | 4.97, p = .03, ηp2 = .02* | 0.90, p = .35 ηp2<.01 |
| PTSD | 9.66 (4.01) | 11.78 (5.75) | 9.64 (4.80) | 9.06 (3.44) | 4.44, p = .04, ηp2 = .02* | 3.93, p = .04, ηp2 = .01* | 4.22, p = .04, ηp2 = .01* |
| Community Participation (Part-O) (df = 1, 293)e | |||||||
| Productivity | 2.12 (0.94) | 2.16 (1.16) | 1.97 (1.01) | 2.05 (0.98) | 1.09, p = .87, ηp2<.01 | 0.19, p = 665, ηp2<.01 | 0.03, p = .78 ηp2<.01 |
| Social Relations | 2.52 (1.01) | 2.60 (0.89) | 2.28 (0.94) | 2.37 (0.83) | 5.02, p = .03, ηp2 = .02* | 0.39, p = .54, ηp2<.01 | 0.03, p = .87, ηp2<.01 |
| Out and About | 1.32 (0.63) | 1.24 (0.65) | 1.25 (0.55) | 1.24 (0.66) | 0.25, p = .62, ηp2<.01 | 0.42, p = .52, ηp2<.01 | 0.25, p = .62, ηp2<.01 |
| Work Limitations (WLQ) (df = 1, 171) | |||||||
| Time Demands | 8.87a (10.14) | 18.31b (20.98) | 12.52c (13.60) | 11.81d (18.74) | 0 .35, p = .56, ηp2<.01 | 3.22, p = .08, ηp2 = .02 | 4.36, p = .04, ηp2 = .03* |
| Physical Demands | 11.79 (22.07) | 18.90 (25.65) | 9.83 (15.92) | 8.63 (15.97) | 4.00, p<.05, ηp2 = .02* | 1.85, p = .18, ηp2 = .01 | 1.85, p = .18, ηp2 = .01 |
| Mental/Interpersonal Demands | 9.61 (11.02) | 15.90 (16.57) | 9.95 (12.90) | 11.08 (18.22) | 1.01, p = .32, ηp2<.01 | 2.92, p = .09 ηp2 = .02 | 1.42, p = .24, ηp2<.01 |
| Output Demands | 6.53 (10.27) | 14.62 (21.17) | 9.36 (13.62) | 10.45 (16.86) | 0.07, p = .879, ηp2<.01 | 3.95, p<.05, ηp2 = .02* | 2.31, p = .13, ηp2 = .01 |
an = 52,
bn = 40,
cn = 45,
dn = 38 as only participants in employment completed this measure.
ehigher score indicates better functioning.
* p<.05.
** p<.01.
ηp2 = partial eta squared.