Table 4. Descriptive and inferential statistics for males and female with single or repetitive TBI for each outcome measures.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for males and females with a single or repetitive TBI eight years post-injury for measures of symptom and symptom burden and functional outcomes. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to explore differences by group and sex.
| Single TBI M (SD) n = 61 | Repetitive TBI M (SD) n = 90 | Two way ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 24) | Female (n = 37) | Male (n = 53) | Female (n = 37) | Group (F, sig, partial eta square) | Sex (F, sig, partial eta square) | Group x Sex (F, sig, partial eta square) | |
| Post-Concussion Symptoms (RPQ) (df = 1, 147) | |||||||
| Total | 11.17 (12.12) | 15.03 (14.47) | 15.28 (13.18) | 26.05 (16.72) | 9.80, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 9.15, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 2.04, p = .16, ηp2 = .01 |
| Cognitive | 2.75 (3.19) | 3.30 (3.72) | 3.89 (3.63) | 5.76 (3.72) | 8.66, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 3.91, p = .05, ηp2 = .03 | 1.17, p = .28, ηp2<.01 |
| Somatic | 3.17 (4.30) | 5.42 (5.49) | 5.15 (4.92) | 10.11 (7.29) | 12.26, p<.01, ηp2 < .08** | 14.19, p<.01, ηp2 = .09** | 2.03, p = .16, ηp2 = .01 |
| Emotional | 3.71 (4.47) | 3.78 (4.06) | 3.89 (4.13) | 6.08 (4.49) | 3.01, p = .09, ηp2 = .02 | 2.53, p = .11, ηp2 = .02 | 2.20, p = .14, ηp2 = .01 |
| Mood (HADS and PCL) (df = 1, 147) | |||||||
| Depression | 4.29 (4.56) | 3.68 (3.60) | 3.79 (3.59) | 5.65 (4.43) | 1.20, p = .28, ηp2 = .01 | 0.85, p = .36, ηp2<.01 | 3.38, p = .07, ηp2 = .02 |
| Anxiety | 3.52 (2.75) | 5.11 (4.01) | 5.04 (3.94) | 7.00 (4.64) | 6.24, p = .01, ηp2 = .04* | 6.77, p = .01, ηp2 = .05* | 0.08, p = .78 ηp2<.01 |
| PTSD | 8.67 (2.88) | 10.05 (4.65) | 10.11 (4.38) | 13.51 (6.26) | 9.15, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 8.71, p<.01, ηp2 = .06** | 1.54, p = .22, ηp2 = .01 |
| Community Participation (Part-O) (df = 1, 146)e | |||||||
| Productivity | 2.20 (0.86) | 2.21 (1.02) | 2.09 (0.98) | 2.10 (1.29) | 0.36, p = .55, ηp2<.01 | 0.01, p = .95, ηp2<.01 | 0.01, p = .98 ηp2<.01 |
| Social Relations | 2.37 (1.05) | 2.58 (0.90) | 2.62 (1.00) | 2.60 (0.90) | 0.68, p = .41, ηp2<.01 | 0.35, p = .55, ηp2<.01 | 0.53, p = .47, ηp2<.01 |
| Out and About | 1.19 (0.54) | 1.37 (0.59) | 1.38 (0.65) | 1.11 (0.70) | 0.11, p = .74, ηp2<.01 | 0.18, p = .68, ηp2<.01 | 4.30, p = .04, ηp2 = .03* |
| Work Limitations (WLQ) (df = 1, 88) | |||||||
| Time Demands | 11.20 (12.98)a | 17.28 (17.67) b | 7.84 (8.60)c | 19.71 (25.29) d | 0.18, p = .89, ηp2<.01 | 6.62, p = .01, ηp2 = .07* | 0.67, p = .41, ηp2<.01 |
| Physical | 11.71 (20.22) | 16.67 (23.34) | 11.83 (23.09) | 22.06 (29.01) | 0.28, p = .60, ηp2<.01 | 2.13, p = .15, ηp2 = .02 | 0.26, p = .61, ηp2<.01 |
| Ment/Inter-personal | 10.27 (15.23) | 14.61 (15.26) | 9.21 (8.69) | 17.65 (18.53) | 0.11, p = .74, ηp2<.01 | 4.51, p = .04, ηp2 = .05* | 0.46, p = .50, ηp2<.01 |
| Output | 7.81 (13.90) | 14.24 (22.68) | 5.81 (8.29) | 15.15 (19.61) | 0.02, p = .88, ηp2<.01 | 5.05, p = .03, ηp2 = .05* | 0.17, p = .68, ηp2<.01 |
an = 16,
bn = 23,
cn = 36,
dn = 17 as only participants in employment completed this measure.
ehigher score indicates better functioning.
* p<.05.
** p<.01.
ηp2 = partial eta squared.