Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample (n = 37).
| Responders (n = 23) | Nonresponders (n = 14) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.304 (9.693) | 51.071 (9.988) | 0.598 |
| Body index | 28.907 (4.417) | 30.009 (4.99) | 0.511 |
| Education (years) | 13.174 (4.206) | 10.857 (4.849) | 0.134 |
| Smoking (Yes/No) | 6 (26.1%)/17 | 3 (21.4%)/11 | |
| Clinical Comorbidity (Yes/No) | 15 (65.2%)/8 | 9 (64.3%)/5 | |
| Hypertension (Yes) | 9 (39.1%) | 7 (50%) | |
| Diabetes (Yes) | 3 (13%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
| Thyroid disease (Yes) | 4 (17.4%) | 5(35.7%) | |
| Asthma (Yes) | 7 (30.4%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
| Pain, sleep quality, and psychological measures | |||
| Beck Depression Inventory | 25.304 (12.542) | 25.5 (10.544) | 0.961 |
| Central Sensitization Inventory | 68.522 (11.812) | 68.357 (14.008) | 0.970 |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | 34.565 (11.057) | 35.429 (13.715) | 0.835 |
| Fibromyalgia Questionnaire M2 | 70.463 (12.689) | 72.488 (19.008) | 0.708 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 12.913 (3.907) | 12.643 (4.03) | 0.841 |
| American College of Rheumatology—2016 | |||
| Revisions to the 2010/2011 Fibromyalgia Diagnostic Criteria | 23.87 (2.928) | 23.071 (4.159) | 0.498 |
| Visual Analogue Scale (0–10) of pain in the last 3 months | 8.304 (1.324) | 9.128 (0.921) | 0.05 |
| Nonopioid analgesic use in the last month ≥4 days per week (Yes)* | 5 (21.7%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Dipyrone (Yes) | 5 (21.7%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Paracetamol (Yes) | 7 (30.4%) | 4(28.6%) | |
| Dorflex® (Yes) | 11 (47.8%) | 6 (42.9%) | |
| Cyclobenzaprine (Yes) | 12 (52.2%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
| NSAID (Yes) | 22 (95.7%) | 13 (92.9%) | |
| Use opioid analgesic use | |||
| Minimal or no use | 18 (78.3%) | 12 (85.7%) | |
| Regular opioid use | 5 (21.7%) | 2 (14.3%) | |
| Psychiatric disorder according to the MINI (Yes/No) ** | 18 (78.3%)/5 | 13 (92.9%)/1 | |
| Major Depressive Disorder | 14 (60.9%) | 13 (92.9%) | |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 10 (43.5%) | 3 (21.4%) | |
| Panic Disorder | 4 (17.4%) | 2 (14.3%) | |
| Current use of neuropsychiatric medication (Yes/No) * | 13 (72.2%)/5 | 11 (84.6%) | |
| Tricyclic antidepressants (yes) | 2 (8.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | |
| Dual-action antidepressants (Yes) | 11 (47.8%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Yes) | 5 (21.7%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Antipsychotic (Yes) | 2 (8.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
| Antiepileptic (Yes) | 8 (34.8%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Benzodiazepines (Yes) | 3 (13%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
Values are given as the mean (SD) or frequency.
NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; MINI: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
*Some patients used more than one type of drug
**Some patients had more than one psychiatric disorder. Dorflex® (300 mg of dipyrone monohydrate, 35 mg of orphenadrine citrate, and 50 mg of anhydrous caffeine).