Table 2.

The pros and cons of various biomaterials used in the biomedical industry [118].

Materials	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applications
Polymers	Good performance in cyclic load applications, degrade completely over time.	Different cytotoxicity mechanism, inflammatory reactions, bone degradation, show higher corrosion rate.	Bearing surfaces [119]
Ceramics	Zero risk of transmitting diseases/immunogenicity, compression force resistance, corrosion resistance.	Low mechanical properties, high stress-shielding effects, lower rate of biodegradation, fracture toughness is poor.	Bearing surfaces
Stainless Steels	Better mechanical strength, high ductility, flexibility in bending, low manufacturing cost.	High stress-shielding effects, low resistance to corrosion, less osseointegration, biocompatibility issue.	Bone plates, pins, nails, screws, threads, steel threads, and sutures
Co-Cr based alloys	High strength, ductility, elastic modulus, stiffness, and density.	Higher modulus than bones, stress-shielding effects, not ideal for bearing surfaces in a joint, low frictional properties.	Orthopedic implants for knee, ankle, hip, shoulder, and fracture fixation devices
Titanium and its alloys	Good corrosion resistance, light weight, low density, good mechanical strength.	Poor tribological performance, high frictional coefficient, adhesive wear, and low abrasion resistance.	Total knee, hip replacement, bone plates, and screws for fixation and maxillofacial applications
Mg and its alloys	Low Young’s modulus, no stress shielding, biodegradable.	Biocompatibility issue, corrosion resistance, low mechanical integrity.	Mesh cage for segmental defects in bone, 3D scaffold design for better bone regeneration