Table 1.
Different PD-related variables in PD patients who developed MF at V2 (MF at V2; N = 91) compared with those patients who did not develop MF at V2 (nonMF at V2; N = 239).
| All Sample (N = 330) |
nonMF at V2 (N = 239) |
MF at V2 (N = 91) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males (%) | 58.8 | 59.8 | 56 | 0.308 |
| At V0 | ||||
| Age | 62.67 ± 8.7 | 63.41 ± 8.46 | 60.75 ± 9.06 | 0.012 |
| Years from symptoms onset | 4.13 ± 3.3 | 3.65 ± 3.09 | 5.36 ± 3.51 | <0.0001 |
| Time on levodopa therapy (months) | 18.99 ± 27.99 | 14.71 ± 24.37 | 29.65 ± 33.25 | <0.0001 |
| Daily dose of levodopa (mg/day) | 231.85 ± 257.89 | 175.74 ± 216.46 | 379.62 ± 298.07 | <0.0001 |
| DA equivalent daily dose (mg/day) | 152.77 ± 149.36 | 143.21 ± 148.24 | 177.96 ± 150.18 | 0.047 |
| LEDD (mg/day) | 437.71 ± 325.85 | 372.62 ± 283.4 | 609.1 ± 367.38 | <0.0001 |
| H&Y stage (OFF) | 0.277 | |||
| Stage from 1 to 3 | 99.7 | 100 | 98.8 | |
| Stage from 4 to 5 | 0.3 | 0 | 1.2 | |
| UPDRS-III (OFF) | 18.9 ± 9.54 | 17.57 ± 8.81 | 22.4 ± 10.51 | <0.0001 |
| UPDRS-IV | 0.71 ± 0.87 | 0.66 ± 0.79 | 0.86 ± 1.05 | 0.241 |
| FOGQ | 1.97 ± 3.13 | 1.56 ± 2.51 | 3.06 ± 4.19 | <0.0001 |
| Tremotic motor phenotype (%) | 55.5 | 59 | 46.2 | 0.024 |
| PD-CRS | 92.93 ± 15.17 | 92.32 ± 15.39 | 94.51 ± 14.55 | 0.205 |
| NMSS | 37.62 ± 31.69 | 34.3 ± 29.07 | 46.34 ± 36.48 | 0.001 |
| BDI-II | 7.49 ± 6.63 | 6.98 ± 6.33 | 8.82 ± 7.22 | 0.037 |
| PDSS | 119.82 ± 23.36 | 122.41 ± 22.02 | 113.01 ± 25.45 | <0.0001 |
| QUIP-RS | 3.68 ± 7.44 | 2.72 ± 5.94 | 6.42 ± 10.15 | <0.0001 |
| NPI | 4.43 ± 6.62 | 4.22 ± 6.41 | 4.95 ± 7.13 | 0.381 |
| VAS–PAIN | 2.31 ± 2.8 | 2.22 ± 2.76 | 2.54 ± 2.91 | 0.363 |
| VASF–physical | 2.43 ± 2.57 | 2.27 ± 2.54 | 2.86 ± 2.61 | 0.050 |
| VASF–mental | 1.86 ± 2.45 | 1.75 ± 2.42 | 2.17 ± 2.51 | 0.084 |
| PDQ-39SI | 13.08 ± 10.59 | 11.44 ± 9.16 | 17.39 ± 12.74 | <0.0001 |
| EUROHIS-QOL8 | 3.87 ± 0.51 | 3.92 ± 0.5 | 3.74 ± 0.49 | 0.006 |
| S&E-ADLS | 91.12 ± 8.04 | 92.05 ± 7.24 | 88.68 ± 9.45 | 0.001 |
| Change at V2 (V2 vs. V0) | ||||
| Daily dose of levodopa (mg/day) | +126.73 ± 190.01 | +113.37 ± 186.82 | +161.89 ± 208.83 | 0.021 |
| DA equivalent daily dose (mg/day) | +13.35 ± 188.95 | +6.32 ± 117.41 | +31.85 ± 306.18 | 0.288 |
| LEDD (mg/day) | +190.55 ± 278.38 | +158.22 ± 222.42 | +275.65 ± 377.62 | 0.008 |
| UPDRS-III (OFF) | +3.5 ± 9.73 | +2.11 ± 8.61 | +7.01 ± 11.46 | <0.0001 |
| UPDRS-IV | +1.02 ± 2.09 | +0.09 ± 1.03 | +3.5 ± 2.18 | <0.0001 |
| FOGQ | +1.37 ± 3.63 | +0.94 ± 3.18 | +2.52 ± 4.44 | 0.001 |
| PD-CRS | −0.9 ± 10.87 | −0.79 ± 11.49 | −1.19 ± 9.11 | 0.873 |
| NMSS | +8.91 ± 29.77 | +6.2 ± 25.8 | +16.03 ± 37.37 | 0.021 |
| BDI-II | +0.46 ± 7.16 | +0.33 ± 7.2 | +0.8 ± 7.07 | 0.463 |
| PDSS | +0.61 ± 23.46 | +1.05 ± 22.26 | −0.55 ± 26.42 | 0.654 |
| QUIP-RS | +0.79 ± 8.74 | +0.93 ± 7.45 | +0.42 ± 11.56 | 0.564 |
| NPI | +0.4 ± 8.45 | −0.23 ± 8.51 | +1.89 ± 8.15 | 0.270 |
| VAS–PAIN | +0.47 ± 3.15 | +0.33 ± 3.13 | +0.86 ± 3.17 | 0.109 |
| VASF–physical | +0.57 ± 2.84 | +0.42 ± 2.85 | +0.94 ± 2.79 | 0.216 |
| VASF–mental | +0.12 ± 2.75 | −0.07 ± 2.61 | +0.65 ± 3.04 | 0.062 |
| PDQ-39SI | +3.85 ± 10.18 | +3.01 ± 9.15 | +6.09 ± 12.28 | 0.005 |
| EUROHIS-QOL8 | −0.05 ± 0.56 | −0.03 ± 0.55 | −0.12 ± 0.58 | 0.249 |
| S&E-ADLS | −3.87 ± 9.73 | −3.4 ± 9.35 | −5.11 ± 10.62 | 0.177 |
Chi-square and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests were used. The results represent mean ± SD or %. ADLS, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; DA, dopamine agonist; FOGQ, Freezing Of Gait Questionnaire; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; N, number; NMSS, Non-motor Symptoms Scale; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PD-CRS, Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PDSS, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; QUIP-RS, Questionnaire for Impulsive–Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale; TS, total score; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VAFS, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale; VAS–Pain, Visual Analog Scale–Pain.