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. 2022 May 11;23(10):5354. doi: 10.3390/ijms23105354

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overview of the effect of the SCFAs on inflammation. In the intestinal lumen, SCFAs induce the secretion of IL-18, MUC2 and antimicrobial peptides from intestinal epithelial cells, induce IgA secretion from B lymphocytes and regulate tight junction expression. SCFAs bind to GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A receptors and activate Olfr78 receptor signalling to regulate T cell function increasing the generation of Th1 and Th17 cells and promoting the production of T cells that release IL-10 and T regs. SCFAs act on DCs to limit the expression of T cells activating molecules, resulting in the generation of tolerogenic T cells rather than inflammatory T-cells. SCFAs also reduce neutrophil recruitment, with increased levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and decreased levels of IL-6, IL-1β, NO, and TNF-α. Instead, through HDAC inhibition, they influence the inhibition of nuclear factor NF-κB, to inhibit inflammation. Abbreviations: DCs, Dendritic Cells; SCFAs, Short-chain Fatty Acids; GPCRs, G-Protein-coupled Receptors; HDAC, Histone Decetylase; NO, Nitric Oxide; TGF-β, Transforming Growth Factor beta; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; IL, Interleukin; Mucin, MUC2; NF-κB, Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Activated B cells.