Table 1.
Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are formed in the human colon in an estimated ratio of approximately 3:1:1. Different bacteria are involved in SCFAs production, and once produced, SCFAs are able to bind to different receptors. In the table are indicated the receptors for which each SCFA has a major affinity and their intestinal and non-intestinal expression.
| SCFAs | Producers | Binding | Intestinal Expression | Non Intestinal Expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetate | Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacterioides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Prevotella spp., Ruminococcus spp., Blautia hydrogenotrophica, Clostridium spp., Streptococcus spp. | GPR43 | Colonic, Small intestinal epithelium, Colonic lamina propria cells, Leukocytes in small intestinal | Polymorphonuclear cells, Adipocytes, Skeletal muscle, Heart, Spleen |
| Olfr78 | ||||
| Propionate |
Bacterioides spp., Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Dialister spp., Veilonella spp., Megasphera elsdenii, Coprococcus catus, Ruminococcus obeum, Salmonella spp., Roseburia inulinivorans |
GPR43 | Colonic, Small intestinal epithelium, Colonic lamina propria cells (mast cells), Pancreas, Gut enteroendocrine cells located in the crypts and lower part of the villi | Spleen, Bone marrow, Lymph nodes, Adipose tissue, Periportal afferent system, Peripheral nervous system, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| GPR41 | ||||
| Olfr78 | ||||
| Butyrate |
Coprococcus viene, Coprococcus eutacus, Anaerostipes spp., Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium hallii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia spp. |
GPR109A | Apical membrane of colonic/small intestinal epithelium, Macrophages, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells | Adipocytes (white and brown), Epidermal Langerhans cells, Retinal pigment epithelium |
| GPR41 | ||||
| GPR43 |