| Lead (Pb) |
Mining, automobile emissions, smoking, pesticide, paint, burning of coal |
Ingestion and inhalation |
Damages the central nervous system, fetal brain, kidney, reproductive system, liver, basic cellular processes, and causes diseases, namely, anemia, nephrite syndrome, hepatitis, etc. |
Soil and water pollution |
0.015 |
| Cadmium (Cd) |
Pesticide fertilizer, electroplating, Cd-Ni batteries, welding |
Ingestion and inhalation |
Irritation of respiratory system, damages liver, kidney, and lungs |
Soil and water pollution |
0.005 |
| Nickel (Ni) |
Electrochemical industries |
Inhalation |
Causes lung, kidney, and gastronomical pain, renal edema, pulmonary fibrosis, and skin dermatitis |
Soil and water pollution |
0.1 |
| Zinc (Zn) |
Plumbing, refineries, metal plating, brass manufacture |
Ingestion, inhalation, and through skin |
Vomiting, pain in the stomach, skin irritation, nausea, and anemia |
Soil and water pollution |
0.8 |
