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. 2022 Apr 30;13(5):806. doi: 10.3390/genes13050806

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Established gene markers for bone metabolism in (A) physiological conditions and (B) CS exposure conditions. Bone resorption markers include: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b), carbonic anhydrate II (CA II), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and N-terminal telopeptide (NTX). Regulators of osteoclastogenesis include: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Bone formation markers include: osteocalcin (OC), collagen I, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), hydroxyproline (HYP) and type I collagen N- and C-terminal propeptides (PINP and PICP/CICP). Dotted arrows represent expression. Red arrows represent altered expression (up or down).