Table 1.

Clinical studies of cigarette smoking in relation to osteoporosis.

Reference	Gender	Smoking Status	Population (n)	Age (Years Old)	Site	BMD Values (g/cm2)	p Value
Hollenbach et al. [22]	Male	Non-smokers	417	60–99	Hip	0.935 ± 0.008	<0.05
		Smokers	87	60–89		0.895 ± 0.016
	Female	Non-Smokers	573	60–99		0.780 ± 0.005	<0.01
		Smokers	181	60–89		0.741 ± 0.010
Marques et al. [23]	55.9% Female	Never-Smokers	1275	75.1 ± 4.7	Trabecular	0.1428 ± 0.00344	0.152
		Former-Smokers	1176	74.5 ± 4.7		0.1444 ± 0.00335
		Current-Smokers	222	73.0 ± 4.6		0.01398 ± 0.00352
Egger et al. [24]	Male	Never Smokers	42	63–67	Lumber	1.12	<0.05
		Ex-Smokers	140	63–69		1.07
		Current Smokers	42	63–68		1.04
	Female	Never Smokers	99	64–67		0.97	ns
		Ex-Smokers	64	63–67		0.90
		Current Smokers	23	63–68		0.89
Trevisan et al. [25]	Female	Never Smokers	812	66 ± 10	Lumber	0.77 ± 0.11	ns
		Former-Smokers	156	65 ± 10		0.78 ± 0.13
		Current Smokers	99	61 ± 10		0.76 ± 0.11
Bjarnason et al. [26]	Female	Non-Smokers	192	53.5 ± 1.9	Hip	0.86 ± 0.09	ns
		Smokers	78	53.1 ± 1.6		0.85 ± 0.1